Importance of breast milk as a mode of passive immunisation in babies

Importance of look take out as a mode of static immunisation in babiesImportance of nipple take out as a mode of passive immunization in babies essence01) Introduction02) Composition of pectus draw03) Passive Immunization4. Components in look draw which contri excepte to the passive immunization in babies 4.1) emmeti-infective 2) Ant allergic 3) anti-inflammatory drug 4) Drugs05) ConclusionIntroductionBreastfeeding provides unsurpassed natural soundlihood to the newborn and babe. gracious titty draw in desire homosexualner contains numerous tutelar factors against infectious infirmity and may influence immune system development.If immune system development is signifi arousetly improved with the introduction of components of breast draw, hence prematurely discontinued breastfeeding may facilitate pathogenesis of m each chronic diseases afterward in intent (e.g., autoimmune disorders)In addition to being the dress hat source of nutrition for newbornsand infan ts, homosexual breast milk also provides immunologic aegis against many infectionsAlthough most of the immunologic benefit cited by researchers relates to safeguard from diarrheal diseases that atomic number 18 peculiarly prevalent in developing countries(2,3) breastfeeding has also been shown to protect infants against extra intestinal infections, such as otitis media(4,6)and respiratory diseases.(7,10)Breast-feeding maintains the enatic-fetal immunologic link after birth, may favor the transmission of immune competency from the mother to her infant, and is considered an important contributory factor to the neonatal immune defense lawyers system during a delicate and crucial period for immune development. The protection from infections may be ensured either passively by factors with anti-infective, hormonal, enzymatic, trophic, and bioactive activity face up in breast milk, or through a modulator effect on the neonatal immunesystem exerted by cells, cytokines, and other immune agents in world milk.This essay will show how these factors of breast milk make believe the passive immune system in babies.Composition of Breast milkBreast milk has all the necessary nutrients for infant in neutralize proportionsincluding macro and micronutrients.The first fluid produced by mothers after deliin truth is foremilk, which is clean-cut in volume,appearance and composition. Colostrum, produced in busted quantities in the first a few(prenominal) dayspostpartum, is rich in immunologic components such as secretory IgA, lactoferrin,leukocytes, as well as developmental factors such as cuticular product factor (4).Colostrumalso contains relatively low assimilations of lactose, indicating its prime functions to beimmunologic and trophic sort of than nutritional. Levels of sodium, chloride and magnesium are high and levels of potassium and calcium are lower in colostrum than later milk.(1)The nutritional components of gentleman milk derive from three sour ces about(prenominal) of the nutrientsof milk originate by synthesis in the lactocyte, some are dietary in origin, and some originatefrom parental stores. Overall, the nutritional quality of homo milk is highly conserved, butattention to maternal diet is important for some vitamins and the oleaginous acid composition of pitying milk.(4)The macronutrient composition of human milk varies within mothers and crosswise lactationbut is remarkably conserved across populations despite variations in maternal nutritionalStatus (13).The mean macronutrient composition of mature, name milk isestimated to be virtually 0.9 to 1.2 g/dL for protein, 3.2 to 3.6 g/dL for fat, and 6.7 to7.8 g/dL for lactose. force estimates range from 65 to 70 kcal/dL, and are highly correlatedwith the fat national of human milk. Macronutrient composition differs between preterm andterm milk, with preterm milk tending to be higher(prenominal) in protein and fat.A study inDavis, California examined the associat ion between maternal characteristics and thecomposition of human milk macronutrients(4) and effectuate that after 4 months postpartum, themacronutrient concentrations of human milk are associated with one or more of thefollowing factors Maternal physical structure weight for height, protein intake, parity, return ofmenstruation, and nursing frequency. This study also found that mothers who producehigher quantities of milk tend to bring in lower milk concentrations of fat and protein but higherconcentrations of lactose.The proteins of human milk are divided into the whey and casein fractions or complexes,with each comprised by a remarkable array of specific proteins and peptides(4,1).The mostabundant proteins are casein, -lactalbumin, lactoferrin, secretory immunoglobulin IgA,lysozyme, and serum albumin.(14)Non-protein nitrogen-containing fluxs, includingurea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, amino acids, and nucleotides, comprise 25% of humanmilk nitrogen. humanity milk protein concentration is not affected by maternal diet, but increases with maternal bodyweight for height, and decreases in mothers producing higher meats of milk.10Human milk fat is characterized by high contents of palmitic and oleic acids, the formerheavily concentrated in the 2-position and the latter in the 1- and 3-positions of thetriglycerides. alter is the most highly variable macronutrient of milk. Hind milk, defined as thelast milk of a feed, may contain two to three times the concentration of milk fat found inforemilk, defined as the initial milk of a feed.The principal sugar of human milk is the disaccharide lactose. The concentration of lactosein human milk is the least variable of the macronutrients, but higher concentrations oflactose are found in the milk of mothers producing higher quantities of milk. (10) The other significant carbohydrates of human milk are the oligosaccharides, which compriseapproximately 1 g/dL in human milk, depending on stage of lactation and matern al geneticfactors. (1)Human milk provides the normative threadbare for infant nutrition. Nevertheless, manymicronutrients vary in human milk depending on maternal diet and body stores , including vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, D,and iodine.(1)Vitamin K is extremely low inhuman milk and thus, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends an injection of thisvitamin to avoid hemorrhagic disease of the newborn(4).Vitamin D also occurs in lowquantity in human milk, peculiarly with low maternal exposure to sunshine, a circumstancenow gross in populations worldwideHuman milk contains numerous growth factors that confirm wide-ranging effects on theintestinal tract, vasculature, nervous system, and endocrine system.Intestinal maturation and repair Epidermal growth factor (EGF)Found in amniotic fluid and breast milk, (1, 4) EGF is precise to the maturation andhealing of the intestinal mucosaEGF is highest in wee milk anddecreases over lactation.45,46 The average EGF level in colostrum i s 2000-fold higher and inmature milk is 100-fold higher than in maternal serum.41 Further, preterm milk containshigher levels of EGF than term milk.(4)Growth and development of the intestinal nervous system Neuronal growth factors (GDNF)In human cells, breast milk-derived GDNF increases neuron survival and outgrowth.51Tissue growth The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) superfamilyIGF-I and IGF-II, as well as IGF binding proteins and IGF-specific proteases, are found inhuman milk.(1, 4)Levels are highest in colostrum, and steadily decline over the course oflactation.(1,4). Enteraladministration of physiological levels of IGF-I stimulates erythropoiesis and increaseshematocrit.(1) statute of the vascular system Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)Angiogenesis is adjust primarily by the relative expression of VEGF and its antagonists.VEGF concentration is highest in colostrum in both preterm and term human milk, withpreterm milk containing less VEGF than term milk.(4)Intestinal d evelopment and pr reddention of anemia Erythropoietin (Epo)milk contains significant quantities of Epo, which is the primary hormone obligated forincreasing red blood cells (RBC).Blood loss, intestinal pathology, and immaturity of thehematopoietic system all contribute to anemia of prematurity, which profoundly impactsgrowth and development. (4,1)Growth-regulating hormones calcitonin and SomatostatinCalcitonin and its precursor procalcitonin are picture in large quantities in milk.(4)Somatostatin is apace degraded in the jejunum and not murderred through theintestinal wall, but delivery with milk protects it from degradation and maintains bioactivity within the lumen (1, 4).Passive Immunizationthe ability of an organism to resist disease, either through the activities of specialized blood cells or antibodies produced by them in solvent to natural exposure or inoculation (active immunity) or by the injection of antiserum or the transfer of antibodies from a mother to her nipper via the placenta or breast milk (passive immunity)(7,8,10)Passive immunization can be categorized as Natural and Artificial. Artificially prepared antibodies are introduced in congenital or acquired immunodeficiency,4,7where as naturally occurring passive immunity transfer of maternal antibody mediated immunity through placenta or breast milk(3,4,7). induces previous exposure to antigens is directly proportional to the amount of antibodies present(a) in the milk9. Although antibodies are proteins, they do not breakdown into peptides by the proteolytic activity of infants gastric enzymes(14).Thus they provide immunity throughout the digestive tract and systemic immunity without exerting any allergic symptoms (4, 7, 8, 10)for common diseases occur after birth.Components in Breast milk which contribute to the passive immunization of babiesThese components can be categorized into several groups according to their function.(1) Anti-infective(2) Anti-allergic(3) Anti-inflammatory(4) Dru gs(01) Anti-infective propertiesThe protective effect of breast-feeding against infections is called the Anti-infective propertiesin the newborns gullible immune system.As compensation has the baby in the first months trans placental spoken transferred IgG from the mother.In addition, antibodies and other immune components communicate through breast milk(3).Humoral and Cellular factors are responsible for infant immunologic properties.(8)Humoral factorsThere are various protective factors present in human milk, including immunoglobulin (Ig), lysozymes, the bifidus factor and nutrient-carrier proteins which bind vitamin B12,folate,and iron(in lactoferin) and limit their availability for intestinal bacteria, especially E.coli.(8)The immunoglobulins include IgC, IgM and IgD. The most important of these in man appears to be secretory IgA (sIgA).It defers antigenically from serum IgA. Secretory IgA is especially high in colostrum (2-4 mg/ml). sIgA is a compact molecule, and is skanky to proteolytic enzymes of the gastro-intestinal secretions and low stomach ph. Secretory IgAin human milk is in 10-100 times greater concentrations than in maternal serum.(3,8)In older individuals, sIgA is usually produced by sub epithelial cells in the intestinal tract. (8)During the early weeks of life the neonate does not secret this antibody, so that IgA in colostrum and milk act as an antiseptic intestinal paint, defendintestinal epithelial surfaces until the infants own immune mechanisms mature.Bifidus factor is an N-containing carbohydrate. It is present in very high concentrations in colostrum.(3,8) It lost if breast milk is boiled. The bifidus factor in human milk (combined with the low pH of the intestinal contents) facilitates the growth of Lactobacillus bifidus (Bifidobacteria),which appears to have an intestinal guardian function, in particular checking the growth of undesirable, possibly denigrative organisms, such as pathogenic E.coli.Human milk contains large amo unts of lactoferine (2 mg/100 ml) a powerful bacteriostatic.Lactoferin acts synergistically with sIgA. Lactoferin is an unsaturated iron binding compound which competes for iron with enteral organisms.(3)Lysozyme is a well-recognizedanti-infective substance found in breast milk(up to 2mg/100ml).This enzyme inhibits the growth of many bacterial species by disrupting the proteoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall(3,7). And may play a role in protecting against various viruses, includingHerpes hominis virus. Fresh breast milk has been used in some traditional cultures as eye drops in the treatment of conjunctivitis. (12)Other anti-infective substances which have a similar protective functions are interferon, derived fromlymphocytes, which may have anti-viral properties against neonatal infections with, for example, herpes virus(8)Cellular effectsHuman milk is a live fluid as is blood, with active enzymes (lysozyme, lipase), hormones (corticosteroids) and cells.The primary cell in hu man milk appears to be the microphages (at least 2700 per l), with lymphocytes, neutrophils and epithelial cells. The microphages secretelysozyme and lactoferrin. They are motile, amoeboid and phagocytic.Lymphocytes are also abundant in human milk. They produce sIgA and interferonHuman breast milk, and especially the early colostrum, contains measurable levels of leukocytes. Breast milk contains up to 4000 leukocyte like cells per micro liter during the first two weeks of life. Colostrum contains approximately 5_106 cells per mL, an amount that decreases tenfold in mature milk. (7,8,3)Most of these leukocytes are macrophages and neutrophils, which phagocytes microbial pathogens. Lymphocytes, including T cells, natural killer cells, and antibody producing B cells, make up 10% of the leukocytes in human breast milk(8). There is evidence to suggest that these cells survive personation through the infants gastrointestinal system where they are intent and influence the infants immune r esponse.(11)Anti-allergic propertiesAllergic diseases in early childhood due to food poisoning seem to be particularly common in all over the world. Many factors are responsible for food allergy in young children, but cows milk proteins such as -lactalbumin and -lactoglobulin are the commonest allergens. They are not present in human milk.(8,3)The range of diseases due to milk protein intolerance is good high and includes atopicdermatitis (infantile eczema) , rhinitis failure to thrive ,otitis media, allergic gastroenteropathy and hypersensivity microhaemorrhages(11).However breast feeding will not eliminate food allergies, not even completely to cows milk. It will however reduce the relative incidence very gradually and delay their onset.(8)Anti-inflammatory propertiesAlthough inflammation is a undecomposed defense to the infant, an exaggerated inflammatory response will result in reduced intake, illness, and gut damage. It is not entirely clear whether the exaggerated or unchec ked inflammatory response to an infectious challenge occurs only in the gut or whether this extends to the infants systemic immune system. The overall the balance of factors in breast milk appears to dampen the inflammatory responseCytokines such as IL (Interleukin)6, IL10, Interferon, TGF(transforming Growth Factor) and TNFR(Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor) 1 and 11 are anti-inflammatory factors found in breast milk.(3,2)HMOS (Human Milk Oligosaccharides) in breast milk also act as an anti-inflammatory substance.Inflammation benefits the host as a defense mechanism7 and biological anti-inflammatoryof breast milk minimizes the symptoms without interfering the immune response of the infant(9)Drugs/Chemical ToxicantsPotentially ototoxic chemical substances can be taken orally or intravenously by mothers and those drugs can be excreted in human milk.Very belatedly (1970), a newly recognizeduncommon form of neonatal jaundice has been described associated with the liquidation of 3-, 2 - pregnanediol in the breast milk, which competes for glucuronyl transferase in the infants liver. This condition has never been associated withkernicterus or other type of brain damage.(3,8)Few decades ago, protection from malaria was seek by administering anti-malarial drugsto nursing mother but, werent success.3Some chemical toxicants in drugs can interferewith the metabolism of babies. Ex Mercury can alter the genetically resolved responseof Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and might cause hemolysis.(3,10)ConclusionAfter birth the infant is having an immature immune system. Its capacity to produce antibodies is low. To compensate this immunodeficiency breast milk provides immunological factors. Infants immune system gradually develop with the age. Accordingly the constituents of breast milk vary with stage of breast feeding.Breast milk contains lot of immunological factors. Early stage of breast milk it has more, rather than later.By proviso immunity breast milk act as a dy namic, mixed fluid, containing nutrients and bio active factors needed for the infants health and development.So breast milk is turned out to be the most reliable, safest and cheapest way of supplying nutrients and immunity for the infants. When breast milk provides its immunity it does not cause any other side effects too. So we can finally close breast milk as an important mode of passive immunization in babiesReferences(01) Section on Human milk composition Ballard and Morrow pedology daybook 2013. pg5263(02) Section on breastfeeding and health outcomes .Diafericet al pediatricsjournal 2013. pg34,5(03) Human milk in the modern world JelliffeJelliffe. 2nd stochastic variable 1979. 85109(04) Pubmed(05) The normal child.10th edition Roland S Illingworth .2005(06) Text book of pediatrics .Nelson.19th edition. 2012.pg 28,160(07) Immunology .RoittBrostoff .4th edition.1996(08)Journal of nutrition. American society for nutrition. Department of Neonatology and NeonatalIntensive Care, SpedaliCivili, 25123 Brescia, Italy(09) Breastfeeding, Immune response, and long health. Kelly M. Jackson, PhD, Professor, aesculapian(11) Breastfeeding for Dummies, comparing formula and breast milk .Sharon Parkins, CarrolVannais(12) Personal information(13). Prentice, A. regional Variations in the Composition of Human Milk. In Jensen, RG., editor.Handbook of Milk Composition. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, CA 1995. p. 919(14). Jensen, RG. Handbook of Milk Composition. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, CA 1995.

Challenging Behavior Among The Children Children And Young People Essay

Challenging style Among The Children Children And Young People Essay plagiariseThe objectivity of this information is to improve the challenge fashion among the children in ahead of age stages of the education and the impact of appearance registration therapy for improvement in the dispute ways collectable to dsygraphia. The hypothesis of the dissect the implementation of demeanour revision techniques digs satiability in dispute behavior of children due to dsygraphia. The study will be conducted in the schools of twin cities of Pakistan (Islamabad and Rawalpindi). This study will assistanceful in improving helping hand skills and overcome to the behavior issues. For the evaluation the Functional Behavioral estimation, Wechsler Intelligence get over For Children 4th Edition (WISC-IV) and hand Assessment by The McMaster Hand authorship Assessment protocol 2nd edition shall be practiced. The implementation of behavior limiting techniques shall be applied after the evaluation.Key lecture behavior change therapy, contest behavior, Dsygraphia, mental institutionAccording to Ormrod J.E Students with encyclopedism disabilities have total or above average score on intelligence test. But mosttime they experience clog with nonpargonil or more specific aspects of information processing (2009). at that place ar 30% to 40% primary and secondary school-aged students are ordinarily facing hand create verbally problems. Because of emotional, social and faculty member, consequences that they puke commonly impose on the examination of such difficulties are important. These common problems are increasing the tendency of handwriting difficulties and behavior issues in children.The dsygraphia is characterized as a writing discommode which is associated with the writing impairment. In children, the disorder generally emerges when they are firstly introduced to writing. The circumstance behavior refers as person response internally and exte rnally. The challenging behavior burn be attention seeking tantrums, aggressiveness and uncooperative behavior. Handwriting difficultness or dysgraphia was defined by Hamstra-Bletz Blote (1993) as a difficulty in the production of compose style which is associated with of writing impairment. Challenging behaviors give the impression to the parents-child relationship and parents blend very conscious while interacting with their children. The dsygraphia or compose languages learning disability including problems are copying the correct words and garners, consistence and neatness while writing, recite consistency and written organization. The challenging behavior of the children are faced by the families, t severallyers and other individual and even off children themselves, when they are futile to behave in the peer pigeonholing and in their surrounding they often become frustrated, defeated and overwhelmed.Behavior adjustment is a using a principals of learning and cognit ion to understand and changing the behavior of an individual. Behavior adaptation is an empirically demonstrated of behavior change techniques. Behavior modification therapy is very beneficial for children and successful than in adults. Due to the argue children are in a stage of forming their self-identity. The term behavior modification firstly appears by Edward Thorndike in 1911. His article Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning makes frequent use of the term commuteing behavior. The principals of Behaviorism into the classroom scene and the individual with challenging behavior, there are assemblage of procedures collectively know as behavior modification (Ormrod J.E, 2009).When children are not facing academic problem orally but in the written expression such as, difficult spellings, word utterance and child wants to write but un satisfactory(p) to write. There are some possibilities that, the child may be ineffectual to think thats why they are unable express in written expression. Usually the children with dsygraphia able to express themselves verbally, but unable to write at a level that reflects the complexity of their thoughts. It is the children themselves that feel challenged by the situation they hazard themselves in feeling frustrated, misunderstood and sometimes made to feel wasted and unexpressive in the front of adults and excessively the teachers who should be supporting them. If the adults just active these children change their own behavior towards the children and become empathetic and supportive whence the child no longer needs to feel all those proscribe things.Behavior therapy focuses on the changing desire behavior, it can involve the maladaptive behavior which can be modified with help of behavior modification therapy. The study conducted by Crouch Jukubecy (2007), simple the address the dysgraphia on a single subject to preventative in literacy instruction and motor skills. The researchers apply handwriting and letter naming drills, as well as occupational therapeutic techniques for improvement the fine motor skills. As a results written expression slightly improved.Another study conducted by B. E. Yeger, L.N.Yanuv and S. Rosenblum (2009) based on children perceived self- efficacy self-reporting and handwriting performance due to the dsygraphia. The main propose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between childrens performance about the writing skills and self reports, their handwriting expression and motor-perceived self-efficacy. The study conducted on Twenty-one children with dsygraphia for evaluation by means of Computerized Penmanship Evaluation Tool and Questionnaire for Handwriting Proficiency (CHaP) and the perceive Efficacy and Goal scene System (PEGS). After the evaluation of the children were able to identify and report the handwriting deficiency which and facilitated with occupational therapy treatment in class.Behavior Modification is a type of behavioural therapy, in which principles of operant Conditioning are used to eliminate some type of unwanted, maladaptive, behavior. Its handling procedures and techniques are ways of rearranging an individuals environment, to help individual period of playction more amply in society. For example, a child is showing tantrum while writing, so every time a favorite piece of candy can use as livelihood, for modifying the behavior with maladaptive behavior replaced. Every time child sustains tantrum candy use as reward.The behavioural therapy plays a vital role in the field of psychotherapy, the cognitive behavioral therapy one of them. Jafari A.S.A and Heidari.F (2012) investigated the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the improvement of self-perception among expert students with learning disorder. They focused on the cognitive-behavioral therapy efficiency and the improvement of self-perception among the gifted students with learning disorders. They evaluated the learning disorde r through and through Wechsler intelligence scale for children on twenty eight students. Experimentation was conducted and cognitive-behavioral therapy administered on experimental free radical. The finding of experimentation was that the cognitive-behavioral therapy plays an important role for the improvement of self-perception among gifted students with learning disorder.Aphasia is acquired language disorder due to brain damage. Rapp.B and Glucroft.B (2009) had been done a little research on the behavioral therapeutic techniques can utilitarian for the aphasic with the dysgraphia. The Individuals with the aphasia has a language impairment which id directed associated with written language impairment. The main objective of this study was to evaluated the role and impact of behavioral intervention for dysgraphia because of primary progressive aphasia. The conclusion of this study was that the first time the behavioral intervention can give benefit to improvement in dysgraphia due t o primary progressive aphasia.Dysgraphia is an important aspect which is responsible in some contexts of challenging behaviors in the children. When they feel handwriting disorder become fun in front of their peer theme and become an embracement for their parents children usually throw the tantrum and attention seeking behavior.Another unique study by Adi-Japha, Shalev, Landau, , Gross-Tsur, Teicher, Frenkel (2005) conducted an experimental design on ADHD students with the writing and spelling deficiencies and also identified dysgraphia. In the study the sample used for an experimental group alone with 20 male students diagnosed ADHD and in the control group 20 non-ADHD male students. The test applied, for speed, fluency and letter naming were devoted as a Reading tests, along with a spelling test. The abridgment of the tests was for motor pattern errors, graphemic errors, and spatial disorders. Motor production was testedby having students write words with repetition. The Resul ts indicated that both experimental group and control group performed same in speed, reading letter naming and phoneme manipulation. The experimental group performed well on the reading assessment as compared to spelling. They also omitted and reversed letters in all tests. The writing skills were in reproducible in letter and word production and font size. The experimenter concluded that word formation and spelling deficiency was due to non-linguistic deficiencies in processing and attention, and only minor impact by motor skill deficiency. The ADHD students required a extra attention and additional instructional help on written expression. The use of spell-check programs for spelling deficiencies and an implementation of word processing software to aid in letter formation were suggested.The children facing emotional difficulty in writing during class room settings, they often face emotional factors. Things are getting worse for them day by day. Usually during school work, when the child is unable to copy from board and class work remains unfinished and incomplete, usually the child experience frustration.MethodologyProblem statementCan the techniques of behavior modification therapy play a vital role for improvement of challenging behavior in children with dsygraphia?ObjectivityDue to these academic, emotional and social consequences the children are facing difficulties in learning abilities and having behavior issues. The purpose of this study is to help children for investigation and improvement in their behavior issues due to dsygraphia or unfortunate handwriting with the help of techniques of behavioral modification therapy. It is also helpful for the teachers whose are dealing with these behaviors, they can improve their skills for handle these challenging behaviors in classroom setting and improve the handwriting in children with the help of behavior modification techniques.Significance of this studyThe Significance of this study is helpful for chi ldrens improvement in the handwriting skills and overcome the behavior issues. It also helps children to learning the coping strategies of overcoming their behavioral issues by themselves. They come to know about their capabilities in written conversation and convert the thoughts into the written expression.HypothesisThe implementation of behavior modification techniques gives satiability in challenging behavior of children due to dsygraphia.The implementation of behavior modification techniques does not give satiability in challenging behavior of children due to dsygraphia.ProcedureThis study will be conducted in different schools of Islamabad and Rawalpindi (Pakistan). Through the role player Observation Functional Behavioral Assessment, behavioral intervention plans, and positive intervention will be use for the evaluation the challenging behaviors. The Wechsler Intelligence racing shell For Children 4th Edition (WISC-IV) and Handwriting Assessment of The McMaster Handwriting Assessment Protocol 2nd edition shall be use for evaluation of dsygraphia.The structured question will be conduct with parents and teachers. After the diagnosis the behavioral modification therapeutic techniques will be applied on children with challenging behavioral issues due to dsygraphia. There shall be total 10 school finalized. From each school 10 students shall be taken 5 girls and 5 boys from one-third grade to sixth grade. After the assessment only 10 students shall be a part of therapeutic sessions for trine months. The re-evaluation also will be conducted in the end for assessing the improvement in behavior and hand writing skills.ParticipantsTen different students of third grade to sixth grade shall be randomly select for the assessments from ten different schools of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Ten girls and boys shall be part of this study from different schools. After the completion of evaluation, the therapeutic sessions for three months 5 boys and 5 girls shall be a part of the further study.SettingThe study will be conducted within the regular classroom and start out room for therapeutic implementations.Research designThe design of a study will be descriptive, based on identification and implementations of the behavior modification techniques.ResultsThe results shall be explained in the description.DiscussionBehavior modification is very reclaimable and empirically demonstration of behavior change techniques. It is usually used to modify the behaviors according to the environment. The behavior of an individual can be modified through the positive and negative reinforcement. All behaviors have some set of consistent rules. Behavior modification techniques can develop method of defining, observing, and measuring behaviors, and it can also design an effective interventions. Behavior modification techniques always has solutions for managing challenging behavior and those behaviors can be change , shaped and maintained by the consequences of th at behavior.Due to the dsygraphia the effective teacher training shall be very utilitarian for these individuals. The various activates such as, an active listening, communication and interpersonal skills training for individuals who are very helpful for those whose are facing learning difficulties. The teachers should know about the students who have handwriting difficulties. The children can experience the fearful situation and become very insecure. They can also experience failure, and shameful attitudes from parents and adults. Children usually get over their academic weakness and start cheating. The parents need counseling and training in application of behavioral techniques for modification and changing their own behavior towards their children.The skinners theories of reinforcement play a large role in the education field of operation and for the student achievement. An impact on education his theories have been utilized for many an(prenominal) years and play a useful role in behavior modification. Reinforcement is a positive way to achieve the goal in classroom setting and even individually if the individual facing is learning difficulties.

The Strategic Planning Of British Airways

The strategical Planning Of British AirwaysThe purpose of make this topic is to provide British Airways (BA) with a strategic plan for future improvement. In the airline sector British Airways known to be the UK mart leader, but for the last decade British Airways has been ch every(prenominal)(prenominal)enged by other competitors, subjecting in wearing down in their foodstuff sh ar. The report in percentage point analyzes the all told everywhereall milieu of British Airways. This report also describes the arrangemental organise and other important aspects of the organization. In this report through strategic assessment, good word has been tumblen to British Airways to concentrate on their primary qualities like receipts voice communication in order to re-establish their warring advantage. in that respect be both strategies which British Airways will have to impose, unitary is related with the HR developing dodging and the other is to concentrate on technol ogical improvement.In the UK British Airways Plc (BA) is the biggest inter guinea pig scheduled airline. It flies to more(prenominal) than three hundreds destinations and carries more than cardinal three million passengers. According to British Airways annual report 2008 approx 8.7 ane million million million of revenue was earned and consenting to (Data monitor, 2008) total numbers of employees as of adjoin 2008 stays at 42,377. Along with the passenger flights British Airways engaged in the operation of domestic and international carriage of mail and shipment. Regardless of the globose economic downturn, British Airways future seems promising. According to latest yearly report (British Airways, 2008) which stated that British Airways objective is to become worlds near dependable airline.strategic Corporate Development HistoryBritish Airways came into picture after the fusion of the British European Airways and British Overseas Airways Corporation. After the merger, Britis h Airways had go about numerous occupations and issues such as the cultural departure. British Airways was facing discernible problems in cross national operations and acquisitions. According to Lubatkin Calori it was the polar organizational culture and organizational culture entrenched in different national culture which was coming together (Very, Lubatkin Calori, 1996).Problem arose when employees from different organization, different background and culture had to interact with each other and when one culture had to need the practices of the other culture (Schneider and DeMeyer, 1991). The main reason of the problem was the mind-set of employees, different employees would think in different ways. So, coming on the same summon was little difficult for the employees. Another difficulty or problem go about by British Airways is in terms of its obligatory management ashes. British airways have compliance with its strict policies and regulation like status difference in an organization due to various dress codes. Too much rule oriented in the management is creating problem among round. Along with those problem another problem was arose by the newfound management, they were unable to identify the fitting need and want of the guest. Beca white plague caller-up has given importance on its intimate management sexual climax and focus on holding its diverse routes which bequeathed on un snug customers. Effects of ConflictsThese problems and conflicts between management had a bad and offensive effect on the new company. British Airways has been considered as the most disreputable company because of its poor service. In addition, the organizations operation has been pretentious and in 1980 the company had been visualize to have the worst timekeeping record all over European carriers brief from UK and named as the airline to circumvent. This resulted in the extensive loss for the company. worry sort at the British AirwaysAfter organism named as t he airline to avoid, British Airways had to look for some changes deep down the organization. As a result they considered brisk management changes, called change management. Some big changes were do by crapper King who was appointed as the chairman of British Airways by British Prime Minister Marg atomic number 18t Thatcher in 1981. The new appointed chairman had do some changes like closing many routes, selling off the clog system and aircraft, along with these actions he also lay off try twenty thousand employees.According to Carlopio change may be called as the implementation of an innovation, it preserve be done through an adaptation of practices in which improvement will be seen in the output (Carlopio, 1998). British Airways has recognize the need for change in order to gain competitive advantage. Colin marshal took charge as the Chief Executive Officer of British Airways in 1982. In this period British Airways was making its first surplus, but this was possibility in the effect of the changes made by John King in which he tried to cut the cost.Colin marshal wants to know about the staff and what they deliver to the customers, so he hired consultant. Later marshall piece out that there is a huge gap between what the employees are delivering and what the customer actually need. For this reason, Marshall took initiative in changing the system from staff oriented to customer oriented company through the institution of customer is king policy culture at heart the British Airways.This approach of get hold of customer continued until the late 1990s and to keep the employee motivated, Marshall introduced Award for Excellence in 1987. The main objective of this strategy is to obey senior high school performers and motivate employees to efficiently do healthy in pandering customers and fulfil customers needs. Another good change made by Marshall for employees was to work with Lancaster University to provide MBA course for British Airways empl oyees. Additionally, the organizational construction of British Airways also changed to a much flatter and smartest structure.Five sectors of the company are directly reporting to the CEO and eleven profit hubs were formed. These structural changes aimed to rising slope the staff assimilation and communication within British Airways. Extra buckle under scheme and appraisal system was also introduced by the management on the basis of satisfying customers and being consistent at work. It included mention investments in planes, ground facilities and Information Technology in order to set about to the needs of its customers. All the major changes were happened after privatization of BA in 1987 and took over British Caledonian Airways in 1988.Changes Helped the OrganizationThe main goal of all the changes which are imposed by British Airways is to make the industry sustain its cast in the marketplace and become competitive in the airline sector. The result of the changes were posi tive leg, the company had become more customer oriented by big(a) excellent go. All the hard work and dedication of the management give off when British Airways was nominated to receive the worlds best Airline award in 1989. It was a prestigious award for British Airways and it helped the organization to be efficient and productive. Without HR effective strategies, it is difficult to be strong and competitive in the market, so in this role Human Re antecedent Management strategies were the key elements to help the company achieved competitive advantage and the prestigious award.Problems out-of-pocket to Management ChangeLike in any other organization whenever there is a change in the management problems and issues arises, same case with British Airways during and after the management change, it set about different problems. At one side these changes were able to give British Airways the fix it deserved in the market and on the other hands this management change was causati on some problem. The problem wasnt related with the employee performance or its achievement, this problem tends to be associated with the employee. The problems were recognized was the behaviour of a number of employees which causes inwrought problems to the operation of the company. repartee of the British Airways to ProblemsBritish Airways was outstanding in 1999 in that year it faced so many problems and conflicts and used effective approaches to solve such issues. British Airways introduces e-commerce strategy to increase online sales. (BA) was also offering flat beds, laptop, and for vocation manikin passenger they offered email, phone and fax facility to provide full comfort to its on board customers. British Airways focuses on having good employee relationship and customer relationship, so it brought back its policy of putting People First. By doing this they had satisfied millions of customers and employees as well. This strategy of putting People First had made a great impact on the mind of their customers in a positive way.Current Strategic SituationCorporate Level StructureAt a unified level, BA has a good quality structure. There is a fresh Acting guest Director on a provisional basis, Silla Maizey (British Airways, 2008). She has initiated a fresh customer service squad works with Heathrow Customer returnss, intended to put client first.Utilizing the sacrifice structure in order to apply recommended strategy, it is suggested that an enduring director must be hired. In reference to technological strategy, no adjustments in the present structure are needful because current system of BA is accordance with the technological aspects. duty Level StructureAt a blood line level all division are bound to make such policies which will implement strategy effectively and efficiently, all the staff should be bound to fol economic crisis strategic rule accordingly. Every division should also adapt the corporate level goals specifically to its own aims . This will assist to make revalue for scrape, perk up its client relationship and help to accomplish the colonized goals.Functional Level StructureEach function should be match with each other to achieve organizational objective effectively in a synchronized manner. All the strategies and functional objective should be line up as well it will help each function to fit whether these functional departments are in lined with the corporate department. Adequate mastery on the fresh involved technology will be needed on continue basis to make certain that actors are exclusively know to that service.Organisation and Stakeholder PowerIt is real to assess the expectations of diverse stakeholders and the degree to which they are likely to influence over BAs strategies. Fol emitings have interest cause on companyCharity OrganizationsGovernment/RegulatorsCustomersCreditorsWorkersRivalsSuppliersFinancial AssociationsShareholdersStakeholder Map referLOWHIGHPOWERHIGH LOWCharity Organiza tionsBA give cash to some of listed aid organizations in UK (British Airways, 2008) smallest impact on the strategies.Government/RegulatorsFresh legislation (if initiated) will have a outsize impact on the company.CustomersCustomers give the entire sale but usher less curiosity in how the corporation is administered. But they have a hulking impact therefore the basic objective is to create more customer satisfaction.CreditorsShould be kept knowledgeable due to cash besides to be paid though this will not impact on the options implemented at BA as they have an excellent reference point ranking (Financial Analysis).WorkersAre the important parts of BA, gloss players having the ply to satisfy customers. Workers have a vested sense as BA gives their financial safety. The personnels at BA are deeply unionised, this add to the power of the workers.RivalsBAs key competitors within their strategic group have a large interest and power in manipulating BAs strategy. The oligopolist ic character of the marketplace will have an effect on the choices BA takes.SuppliersTwo airline suppliers, Boeing and Airbus. Both have a high interest and power upon BA, as BA is a giant source of earnings for both suppliers and BA also rely upon them for supply. In bypass suppliers are more focused toward BA strategies.Financial AssociationsMonetary incite perhaps will be required from Financial associations to finance these strategies and only despite the fact that BA has lesser its gearing ratio and enlarge its liquidity. In the present circumstances the associations have large power over BA and crowd out reject monetary assistance.ShareholdersShareholders have a large interest as to gain financial profits. They have large stimulant in choosing board members and approving fresh strategies. The shareholders have to be well educated about the flagellum of new strategy and expected favorableness about the firm.PESTEL AnalysisInternal AnalysisIt is now necessary to experie nce the internal environment in order to devise appropriate strategies. foster Chain Analysis (VCA)SUPPORT ACTIVITIESFIRM INFRASTRUCTUREStructured hierarchy let BA to utilize multitude of expert knowledge in order to achieve competitive advantage over downsized companies.HUMAN pick MANAGEMENTSpend in the advancement of customer service homework in 2007 drawing attention of the most excellent workers.Speak Up view surveys give confidence workers to give opinions (British Airways, 2008).TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTBA has supplemented value in this category over minor corporations, due to relaxed picks that can improve the presentation of service (e.g. LCD screens).PROCUREMENT out-of-pocket to the heap and past handicraft dealings and coalitions, BA was capable to influence suppliers and by economies of scale create efficiencies where rivals might loss.PRIMARY ACTIVITIESINBOUND LOGISTICSStock useFar above the ground quality cooking credited by City Guilds (British Airways, 2008).On-go ing association with suppliers (e.g. accession epicurean.)OPERATIONSBaggage security has been increased. fast check-in services and safe online bookings with capability to pre-book added services.OUTBOUND LOGISTICSCustomer ServiceHuge database of airport slots allow travellers to access the bulk of destinations from favoured airport.MARKETING gross revenue securities industrying conversation to all stakeholders.Brand permitting for large budget to be used up in this field.POST SALE SERVICE fealty club card.Update conversation on other servicesBA has tried to organize the system additionally by forward and backswept alleviation. Through handling numerous component supplies in-house, BA boosted their reach in the value system to the supplier and channel value chains. alternative found View (RBV)It is considered that corporation competitive advantage and greater performance is resulted from its distinguishing capabilities (Johnson et al., 2008 p95). The resource ground view highli ght BAs resources and competencies as belowRESOURCESCOMPETENCIESTHRESHOLD CAPABILITIES brink ResourcesTangible245 aircraft fly balling over 550 different places (British Airways, 2008).Supplementary services (e.g. BA Holidays The London Eye Company (Datamonitor, 2008)).IntangibleWorldwide Customer Database. pronounce ventures coalition with one world (incl. American Airlines), code share/ immunity partners, and subsidiaries.Threshold CompetenciesTraining of ground school, flight simulators, and cabin security training (BAFT, 2009).Economies of Scale from suppliers.Capability to fly passengers securely to various routes and handle passengers (Davies, 2000).CAPABILITIES FOR agonistic ADVANTAGEExclusive ResourcesTangibleSole access to London Heathrow terminal five (BBC News, 2008).IntangibleHighly regarded brand image. BA is familiar widely distributed as a good reputation brand, toughened by its long-standing natural selection within the business.Core CompetenciesOpen Skies subsid iarys aircraft never have above than 64 travellers per flight, with 1 assistant per 12 customers (British Airways, 2008).Initial UK airline known as a training centre by the City Guilds, qualifying all cabin crew with NVQ Level 2 (British Airways, 2008).SWOT AnalysisIt is significant that strategic formulation is reflective of BAs strengths and weaknesses comparative to competitors and the opportunities and threats presented by its outside environment (Pitts Lei, 2003).Internal StrengthsBrand analogy crossroads ventures coalitionsFinancial volume and resolutenessInternal WeaknessesBad worker relations historyDependability and combiningModernization modificationExternal OpportunitiesSkyTrax Quality structureRivals forced leave behindRivals deteriorating on delivering reliabilityAppearance of new marketsExternal ThreatsOpen Skies accordEnvironmental consciousnessWorldwide economic crisisLesser cost disputationDifferent Aspects of Proposed StrategiesPESTELWorldwide economic cr isis.High regulatory requirements.Growing environmental consciousness.Turn down in consumer expenditures. great than before utilization of the net profit by consumers.Centre their attention on technological and environmental matters.Customer AnalysisConsumer tendency in far above the ground expedience and advance expectations of service.Make certain changing customer needs should be tackled and fulfilledStrategic Group AnalysisStrong competition within strategic group and tendency for consolidation.The major other intimidation comes from low cost airlines.Though low cost airlines are the major threat to BA, stirring into low cost market is not believed suitable based on earlier unsuccessful attempts.Airline Quality ReviewBA = bad baggage managing poor on flight amusement and low customer contentment.Service excellence requires to be enhanced to achieve a competitive advantageThe Value ChainBA adds value financial volume and steadiness, brand likeness, business expertise, and joi nt ventures and coalitions.BA loses value to rivalry worker relations and performance, marketing delivery, dependability, and slow modernization.BA requires addressing the areas where worth is being missing to avoid offensive rivals strategies.Resource Based View lens hood resources including sole access to hub inside largest UK Airport.Tough training competencies.Make use of BA core competences to get competitive advantage.Financial AnalysisGreater than before profits and lower operational costs.Lesser gearing ratios and elevated liquidity.Option of a loss in 2009 as a result of the economic recession.Investment resources on hand greater than before refreshen on strategic projects for risk evaluation.Strategic advocate for the FutureTOWs ground substanceA range of strategic options will now be theorize using the TOWs matrix to firmness of purpose the strategic issues highlighted from the analysis.ExternalOpportunitiesThreatsSkytrax- star structure of excellenceRivals forced e xitRivals deteriorating on delivering dependabilityAppearance of new marketsOpen skies accordEnvironmental consciousness (Climate change bill)worldwide frugal Crisislesser cost rivalryInternalStrengthsBrand likenessJoint ventures and coalitionFinancial volume steadinessTerminal 5Strategies for strengths to meet opportunitiesDivision focus. make out chain migration. door of admiring services.Present Broader serviceStrategies for Strengths to typify threatsReformation of brand likeness.Expand into other transport markets.WeaknessesDeprived worker relations historyCurrent negative attention on dependability convictionRapid modernization and modificationStrategies for opportunities to overcome weaknessesEnhanced pile processes.technical improvementStrategies for Weaknesses not to expose threatsEnhanced environmental positionAnsoffs MatrixStrategy Linked to AnsoffStrategic OptionsExplanation1. Market percolation1. Enhancement to people processesDecrease present tension from harmful wo rker and customer relations.2. Enhanced environmental position.Go over and beyond the present environmental needs.3. Reformation of brand likeness.Reformation and modernization of brand likeness in an effort to gain market share.4. Division focus bountiful centre of attention on business sectionalisation consumers as the most Lucrative segment of the business.2. Product Growth5. Technological improvement.Opening of profit access on flights to perk up the overall excellence of service.6. Introduction of admiring services.Presenting of admiring services such as car rental or hotels.3. Market Expansion7. Present broader serviceAdd to number of places BA fly to, put centre of attention on places of growthSuch as India and China.4. Diversification8. Expand into other transport markets.Broaden your horizons into substitute services such as rail, in an effort to preserve competitive advantage.9. Supply Chain integration.Vertical integration in the supply chain. I.e. Gate Gourmet or Boeing .Strategy No.1People ProcessesAim Enhanced stakeholder brand likeness productivityObjectivesMake use of databases.Perk up service delivery effectiveness.Develop internal communication.Put into practice efficient review monitoring. exercise MeasuresIncome margin add up to of 2 3%.Amplified repeat purchase by 25%.Enlarged consumer recommendation from 58% (2007/08) to 69%. ameliorate worker survey rate from 34% (2007/08) to 79%Strategy No.2Technological AdvancementAim Customer Loyalty Market ShareObjectives spare-time activity progression with test net profit execution, roll out internet and on-board internet facility.A suitable pricing strategy involving admiring service for first class whilst targeting business class as the main lucrative market.Constant market explore to make certain that this is an appreciated service and seek chances for come on growthPerformance MeasuresPut in equipment on 244 aircraft which were left.Amplify business class market share by 11%.79% of busin ess class consumers buying internet usage.Pursuing RD put into practice 1 new technological service.Future of British AirwaysThe corporation is still in front of great problems in spite of its plans and modification imposed. In this case, the Gate Gourmet increases up in the cause of the troubles in terms of the BAs brand likeness. Such argument has shaped up a concept that the business practices imposed by British Airways is not pertinent to what it demonstrate in its company images. With this, the administration is now trying to look for some strategies and methods to resolve these troubles with different strategy and along with these marketing communications will be utilized as well. In addition, the present administration also understands that the miss of leadership and entrepreneurial capability have been the root cause of all the troubles faced by the corporation.RecommendationsIt appears that the main reason of the troubles faced by British Airways is due to the unplanned ma nagement transformation imposed. Additionally, the troubles also occurred because of the insufficient awareness about the strategic management system and along with the other administrative system. Strategic management is the course of identifying an organisations excogitationions, creating policies and plans to attain these intentions, and assigning resources, so as to execute the plans. It gives overall track to pursue to the whole enterprise (Abell, 1999). It can be sighted as a set of theories, frameworks intended to give details of the issues underlying the performance of corporation and to help managers in viewing, intend and acting tactically (Campbell, Evans Stonehouse, 2002). ConclusionAs the main objective of this grant was to study Longitudinal Strategic Development of company for that reason one of the best airline of UK has been selected, as per requirement different analysis has been made with reference of the British Airways which includes Strategic Corporate Deve lopment History, Current Strategic Situation and Proposed Strategic Direction for the Future. Different methods were used to analyse and review British Airways current strategic situation for instance SWOT Analysis, Resource Based View (RBV), Value Chain Analysis (VCA), PESTEL Analysis, and Stakeholder Map.For Proposing Strategic Direction for the future, TOWs matrix to resolve the strategic issues highlighted from the analysis. As an outcome of the external and internal examining a number of strategic options were given. It was stated that a collective strategy method to perk up service quality was considered most appropriate. Due to the present business climate the most appropriate strategy is to unify BAs status as market leader. Due to lack of primary research and limited access to corporation information there might be some lacking in findings and proposed strategies, if the general direction of recommended strategic intent will lead BA to victory.

Personality Theories in Successful Leaders

Personality Theories in happy LeadersAbstractOne question that all in all wide-cut employee phones is what piddles a dangerous attracter and how do I become one. It is weighty to pull in what makes a drawing card and ar at that place certain somebodyality characteristics that make loss dieing prosperous. Using the lifesize fin temperament dimensions which be extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and nakedness to experience it pass on be explored what characteristics fit with prospering leading today.This education aims to quantify what of the king-sized flipper spirit dimensions are closely present in no-hit and effectual leading today. It pull up stakes take 4 aggroups from 100 organizations from fortune calciferol companies to non-profit organization.HypothesisThis lead in scarpers to demonstrate with evidence that effective loss leaders beat similar personalities traits ground on the big five personalities dimensions.Lea dership Was Steve Jobs a good leader or George Washington a good leader? What makes a good leader? Before that is answered, it must be understood what delimits leadership and what qualifies as a good leader. Many scientific papers and books try to define leadership some define it as leadership involves persuading other large number to set aside for a period of time their individual refer and to purse a common goal that is important for the responsibilities and welfare of a group (Hogan, G, Hogan, 1994) while others believe it stands it for inspiring followers to identify with a vision that reaches beyond immediate self-interest (Benoliel Somech, 2014). Between the two definitions it is take a crap a leader must inspire a group of wad to go supra and beyond and do what is beyond what they impart indispensability to do.Not everyone open fire be a leader there are certain traits we expect out of them. In our everyday life we ready for, learn from, and follow leaders. These leaders can be CEOs, managers, teachers, or even the President of the United States. They should be intelligent, likeable, bemuse tough practiced skills to relate to their roles. There are many concourse in the world with these traits provided non every one of them makes a good leader. ground on these assumptions there must some additional traits that separate good leaders from average leaders. A leaders temperament must have an effect on how the lead and inspire people to go above and beyond. Looking at a leader from the aspect of the big five personality dimensions might shed some light on what makes a strong leader.Big Five Personality DimensionsFor centuries people have separate personalities, even Aristotle have established several categories of classification. The current established speculation has been created by Tupes and Christal (1961). This taxonomic structure has five personality dimensions which are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticis m, and openness to experience.The first divisor of the personality dimensions is extraversion. Leaders who possesses eminent level of extraversion are depict of sociable, rosy, expressive, active, and assertive (Benoliel Somech, 2014). Salespersons oftentimes are tall-extraversion employees because they enjoy person interaction and thrive in an environment that involves. These employees regaink a confirmatory environment to thrash in because it gives them a sense of security,The second doer of the personality dimensions is agreeableness. Agreeableness can be described as cooperative, swear and flexible. Employees with a last level of agreeableness tend to be successful in roles that work in groups and require joint efforts mingled with teams. stand managers are a great example of a role individual with agreeableness might grip. Similar to extraversion, agreeableness enjoys the interactions amidst people but focuses more in the intimacy of relationships between pe ople.The third factor of the personality dimensions is conscientiousness. High- conscientiousness individuals tend to be responsible, dependable, hardworking, persistent, and achievement oriented low-conscientiousness individuals tend to be irresponsible, undependable, and lacking self-discipline (Benoliel Somech, 2014). High- conscientiousness employees believe they are capable of doing the capriole and set high achieving goals for themselves. These ordain employees tent to dive in when the work load gets intensive and get out work with others to relief the stress.The fourth factor of the personality dimensions is neuroticism. Neuroticism is a personality dimensions that unlike the other having a high level of is not necessary a good thing. People who have a high level of neuroticism are often described as a worry-ward and insecure. Those with low levels are neuroticism are sedate individuals who can storage area high amounts of pressure. This is important in a high stakes e nvironment some occupations where one would expect to see people with low levels of neuroticism would be in the medical field much(prenominal) as doctors and nurses or traders on the New York Stock Exchanges floor.The final factor of the personality dimensions is openness to experience. These individuals are creative and the out of the box thinkers. They localize to change fairly easily and are willing to adjust their behaviors to bear upon the environment they are in.MethodThis study aims epitome what big five personality dimensions are most common with effective leaders. An effective leader will add value to any organization and therefore it is important to understand what makes up an effective leader. Additionally it is vital to understand the employees think of this leader.Why is it important to understand an effective leader from one that is not so effective? If we go back by means ofout history and go out at the effect a good leader on the progeny of a station there is plenty of evidence that shows an effective leader will have a positive impact. To give some examples the detonative growth Steve Jobs had on Apple to in 1997 or George Washington incoming the revolutionary war and become the first President. These leaders took a situation that was losing situations and thorough their leadership turns the situation around and makes it extremely successful through hard work and dedication.The first step of this study is to analysis what an effective leader is. To do this the study would work with 100 organizations from fortune 500 companies to non-profit organizations such as universities, charities, and military. From each of the organizations select they study will check over 4 teams, within these teams there will be effective leaders and teams and those who are not as effective. By understanding those who have successful leadership compared to those who are not the goal would be see what personality dimensions are prominent. To do these the lea ders will take a big five personality test that will quantify how their personality hyaloplasm is built. In addition the employees of those leaders will take the test for their leader. This will aim to quantify what dimension of the big five personalities to followers savor to the most. This will excessively help give an unbiased look because leaders might try to skew the results.Once the tests have been completed the study will focus on the effectiveness of those leaders. The study will analysis each team within their organizations to understand their effectiveness. The effectiveness of the team will look at the teams productivity. The more productive the team the expectation would be the more the effective the leader. Besides the level of productivity the study will also look at the morale of the team.expect OutcomesOnce the data has been collected the results will be analysis to see if there is any positive or negative correlation between the big five personalities dimensions . Among these correlations it would be expect to see that effective leaders will have specific traits in their personalities that make them effective leaders. In the contrary the study will also show the dimensions are negatively affect leadership. Based on expectations I would expect to see the big five dimensions show up in leadership in the pursuance ways.The first personality to analysis would be the extraversion. It would be expected that a leader should have a medium to high level of extraversion. extroversion involves the socialness of the individual. A leader should be social with the team and keep the optimistic view that will drive the team going forward.The next property that is vital to a leader is agreeableness. The expected outcome would be all leaders would have a high level of agreeableness. They will work well with the team and keep everyone on track. There will also make the teams function more effective because leaders do not always have the correct answers and a good interaction between leader and the employees can create a good dialogue that will lead to the best solution.Conscientiousness is one trait that all company want out of their employees have and therefore would be a high expectation of any effective leader. Employee with high levels of conscientiousness are often described as dependable and organized. Individuals who are conscientious also tend to preserve, work hard, and enjoy achieving and accomplishing things (BOOK). Since all conscientious enjoy achieving their goals it is important that leads hold these values. Additionally all leaders should be able to keep their followers organized and focused on the goals ahead. Since consNeuroticism is the one trait that would be advantageous to have in the lower spectrum. People in the high spectrum are often emotionally unstable. Leaders need to have their emotions in check all the times.The final personality dimensions is openness to experiences which like most of the other dimens ions the expectation would be a leader would be on the higher side. Leaders should be open to change and also be a leader of change within an organization. A leader who cannot handle moving parts of everyday business will not be effective.Benefits of seekThere will be a lot of benefits from the research into what makes an effective leader. If an employee was interesting into taking a leadership role they can take a personality test and see if what areas they are strong in and where they are weak. This can then help them work on improving their skills. For example say an employee is lacking in extraversion take for granted it is a primary measure of leadership skills. The employee can be shed into situation to help then become more expressive or go to particular training classes to make then more expressive. This will help the organization put in leaders that will lead to change making the teams and organization more effective.Understanding the trains of an effective leader will h elp human resources as well. Understanding the personalities of employees coming in will help them understand the person potential. Another example is there is an opening for a senior vice president of operation. This department has been torture for years under the lack of leadership. It will be helpful to cognise what traits to look for in the new leader.Supporting ReferencesThe following studies have stand-in this hypothesis and will help provide guidance.Study 1 Five-Factor elan of personality and transformational leaderIn this study the authors explore the personality factors of transformational leaders.ReferencesHogan, R., Curphy, G. J., Hogan, J. (1994). What we cognize about leadership Effectiveness and personality.American Psychologist, 49(6), 493-504. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.49.6.493Benoliel Pascale, Somech Anit (2014) The health and surgery effects of participative leadershipExploring the moderating role of the Big Five personality dimensions, European Journal of Work and OrganizationalPsychology, 232, 277-294, DOI 10.1080/1359432X.2012.717689

Economic Advantages and Disadvantages of a One Global Currency

stinting Advantages and Dis advantages of a One world(a) up-to-datenessIntroductionThe recent invoice of silver replacement rates includes 3 huge changes pay offing from the block up of the XIX to the end of the XX century. perfect(a) silver standard has been the basis for trading between nations during 1879 and 1914 (Abdel-M angiotensin-converting enzymem, n.d.).At the ascendant of World War I, this standard ceased to exist and in 1920 countries permitted greater commutation rate flexibleness (Jereissati, 1999), which however, did non last long and after the end of the World War II the Bretton-Woods strategy has been implemented. This standard has been created as a result of numerous meetings between the World War II triumphant states with the final conference taking place at the Hotel in Bretton Woods, radical Hampshire. The standard took the name of this last conferences venue (Grabbe, 1996, as cited in Tucker, 2008).In August 15, 1971 Ric sonorous Nixon in his speec h announced that the price of dollar leave be no longer fixed against gold. This has put an end to the Bretton-Woods system and has set-off a new era in inter subject field monetary system. The of import feature of this new system is that it is neither a pure gold standard nor a pure exchange rate float, alone sooner a system in between these twain extremes (Meese, 1990). This standard exists until like a shot and has been strongly undermined during the latest fiscal crisis. In this respect, the idea of having a sensation ball-shaped nones is widely discussed as an alternative monetary system. This lit review outlines advantages and disadvantages of a iodin globose silver.The Single orbiculate bullionThe Concept of a Single globose coinSingle worldwide bullion, as one smoke see from the example of Euro, signifies that countries, where this funds would be implemented, should be the peniss of a monetary union with one aboriginal deposit, super C notes, a cohe rent and binding financial indemnity. Scandinavian money spousal relationship (SCU), which included Denmark, Norway and Sweden, established a common bullion unit, although central banks in each of those countries retained control over monetary policy and did not experience significant loss of independence (Bergman, 1999).The single global currency is a much more complicated issue. History recognizes a haulage of monetary unions of varied size, some(prenominal) formal and informal. However the closely winning example came from the European Union, which is the Economic Monetary Union (EMU). There ar as well two proposed single currencies, which potentially may come in effect(p) the Euro. They are the GCC monetary union currency and the Asian Monetary Unit.Economic Advantages of a Single Global CurrencyThe advantages of a global currency are as follows. First of all, single currency give exceed transaction costs, which are linked to inter internal financial operations. This will take both ordinary citizens who plan to spend money abroad and multinational corporations undertaking international transactions. Different currencies create a lot of inconveniences and bulwarks. Exchanging one currency for another always involves currency exchange fees, as banks, which run such currency exchanges, require commissions for their services. In the scale of countries or heretofore monetary unions such expenditures on currency exchange fees may ca-ca high amounts. By eliminating the need for currency exchange the monetary unions may save resources (Buiter, 1999, as cited in Bonpasse, 2008). For instance, the European Commission (EC) has estimated that cod to a single currency across the European Union 13 to 20 gazillion of Euro were saved per year (Grauwe, 2007). Moreover the difference between the currencies exchange rates becomes an obstacle for a free flow of trade. As the barrier of different currencies will disappear, the number of international t ransactions will increase. Bordo and crowd (2006) said that neighboring countries, which are members of a common monetary union, run away to trade more frequently with each other. In a necessitate conducted by Micco, Stein, and Ordonez (2003) they found out that trade between EU members change magnitude by 8 to 16%, after EMU was created (as cited in Lane, 2006)Currency risks nowadays are one of the major disadvantages of the modern international financial system. Everything, ranged from a natural disaster to terroristic attack, may affect the value of the currency and as a result cause loss. Foreign investors, as well up as stock holders, stool to hedge their risk, which to a fault demands additional expenditures. execution of the single global currency will eliminate the risk of loss, cod to currency fluctuations. Moreover Bonpasse (n.d.) points out that the adoption of a single global currency will save 400 billion of US dollars every year in foreign exchange transaction costs, which come from trading 3.8 trillion US dollars every trading day.Currency misalignment is a process when central bank increases or decreases the value of its currency against another for different purposes. The close to known cases of currency usage are the cases of China and Japan. Both countries artificially undervalued their currencies, which made their exports more combative. As the value of Yen and Yuan decreases, the prices on Japanese and Chinese products will consequently fall. This has created a great advantage for Japanese and Chinese products in the market. Today the low value of these currencies, which has naught to do with the real situation, has created huge to a great extenties for the economies of Europe and USA. Japan and China, based on all criteria related to the IMF definition, have been persistently manipulating their currencies to gain an unfair competitive advantage (Preeg, n.d.). Obviously with a single global currency, currency manipulation b y individual countries would be impossible. Moreover thither will be no need of such kinds of unfair methods.It is easy to perceive that problems of coeval monetary system are currency rate fluctuations. As most of the currencies are free and are not fixed to any value, there is a huge possibility for currency speculations. For instance, speculative opportunities of FOREX market may have a great impact on economics of countries and their financial situation. The speculative attack on the Swedish Krona in 1992 is a perfect example. The Central Bank of Sweden had to raise the interest rate of its currency which caused devaluation of the Krona. Receiving income from currency speculations is getting money out of nothing. The next benefit from implementing a single global currency will be the elimination of currency speculations existence. The single global currency will present a different choice for speculators if they wish to speculate, they will need to choose another commodity, as the money of the people will no longer be for exchange (Bonpasse, 2006).Another problem of todays financial system is international reserves or foreign exchange reserves. As the possibility of a currency bang is high, due to currency risks and currency speculations, every rustic holds assets in respective(a) foreign currencies, which are con facial expressionred as reserve currencies. Mainly it is the US dollar, not so often it is the Euro or the UK pound. However after implementing the single global currency, this hedging method will be unnecessary. As the central bank will abandon the foreign exchange reserves, it will save a considerable amount of money. In 1992 the European Commission estimated that the future Eurozone members power be able to reduce their total international reserves by one-half or $200 billion (Bonapasse, 2008).Disadvantages of a Single Global CurrencyTurning to disadvantages of a Global Currency, the most negative side of it is that countries will lose th e ability to control their financial policy. Today every country is able to determine their monetary policy freelancerly. In swan to have an influence on the economy, nowadays central banks of every country through influencing exchange rates and adjusting interest rates, may increase or decrease economic activity. However in case of a single global currency, changes in a local countrys finances, will demand changes in the global scale. So with the Global Currency countries will lose flexibility in their monetary policy. A uniform policy template to brook macroeconomic stability, will constrain a countrys ability to make independent interest rates and exchange rate policy (Bonpasse, as cited in Wenzel, 2007, p17).Another significant disadvantage of having a Global Currency is attached with the difference in economies of different countries. While there are nevertheless a few developed states with strong economies, the rest of the countries of the world have rather clean economi es, for instance the majority of African countries or both(prenominal) South American countries. In the world with a common currency, the weak economies shall pull down the rest, more well off countries. If one of the members will face a crisis, the others will have to spend their resources in severalize to stabilize the situation. A perfect example could be the debt crisis, which recently has occurred in Greece. While the EU/IMF bailout package wasnt enough, Germany had to loan about 110 billion Euros in order to save the country from bankruptcy. In addition the crisis had a chance to spread to other countries, as it reduced confidence in the economies of other EU members.Conclusion Is The Single Global Currency Implementable?Global Currency as a financial system has been first mentioned foul in the end of XIX century. The reasons why this system salve has not been implemented are rather social and semipolitical, than economical. The first obstacle is national identity. Most o f the nations consider their currencies as a national symbol, equal to the loll and the anthem. Obviously people will hardly discard their own national symbol, their source of pride. Some people are tempted to view such symbols as they do their flags and national constitutional documents, and the loss of such symbols can be considered as a national loss (Bonpasse, 2008). Just imagine how hard it will be for Americans to abandon dollar and accept a currency with absolutely neutral name and with neutral images and signs. In case of a Global Currency it should be absolutely neutral, as Euro is.Political barriers also should be taken in to account. In the conditions where political tensions between two countries are possible, implementing a single currency is a huge problem. For instance, it is difficult to imagine how USA, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and Iran, countries which have experienced significant political tensions, would negotiate in order to accept a single currency . Or it is difficult to say how it is going to work between countries which are in state of war like North and South Korea. In addition, due to political discords, such issues as supply and printing of the Global Currency would be problematic. As an independent central bank is demanded, the first departure within the countries would be about the location of the central bank. Every member of the global monetary union would try to pull the blanket over. It is hard to believe that after gaining membership to the global monetary union, countries would not start attempting to gain greater influence on the central bank and and then the monetary policy.Though the process of globalization seems to be unstoppable, we are still far away from being even close to a Global Currency. In my point of view, implementation of the single global currency can be compared to the legends about Eldorado or dreams of Utopia. There is no distrust that Global Currency has more benefits than costs. The loss of control of the monetary policy is a really low price for the other advantages of this idea. Throughout the history mankind tried to give birth to a global government. partnership of Nations and UN could serve as examples. Esperanto as a worldwide language also has been a great proposal, which could simplify the understanding between nations. But both concepts were not successful up to this time. Unfortunately the single global currency is an idea of such type. Although globalization and the Internet did bring people close to the world closer to each other, maybe we are still to different to buy food with the same money. Maybe social and cultural differences prank much bigger role in our life, than we think. USSR made an effort of erasing these differences, but where is the USSR now?

Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlet’s Deceit :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Hamlets Deceit   In the endure juncture we essay hamlet, a man stuck in a deceitful world. The spies, everybody but Hamlet, claim deceit and treachery to live, and without it they would perish. Polonius, perhaps the most underhanded member of the play lives and dies while tell oning, literally. Other characters spy as well to better themselves to certain exclusive to advance their social status. We see Hamlet, the one honest man left in the bunch, spying his one time to save his very possess life. The perceptiveness of Hamlet is short-lived as are all actions in this play save the killing. That one may smile, and smile, and be a villain(I, v, l.108) This is to be my theme, something that Hamlet discovered and lived by for many a course of instruction and scene.   Neither a borrower nor a lender be, far loan ofttimes loses both itself a friend(I, iii, l.75-76). Experience Polonius has in both fields, for he represents the loathing, scheming men of the world i n Hamlet. Polonius is an underhanded man in the play. We see this fat Lord chamberlain play goofy and somewhat nonsensical during his talks with Hamlet. We know that when his son Laertes is sent to France, Polonius send a spy to follow him and to make sure he is not doing any wrong. Polonius also likes to keep tabs on everyone including his daughter Ophelia, who is expected to report her relations with the master key Hamlet to her arrest. Later in the play, Ophelia lets Polonius and Claudius spy on Hamlet and herself conversing. Her father and myself, seeing unseen, we may from encounter frankly judge ift be thaffliction  of his love or no that thus he suffers for (III, i, l.32-37). Polonius, known for his deceit is the only real symbol of it, and it is symbolic when hamlet kills him, almost like killing the evil which plagued the land in his instinctive form, for Polonius was unceremoniously spying on Hamlet and his mother from behind a curtain.       Othe r characters in Hamlet are also deceitful. Laertes, has poison, from where did he shrink it? Ophelia as said earlier, serves as a medium for Claudius and Polonius to tap into hamlets thoughts. The queen is even a part of it one time. dismantle without the spying however, she is intertwined in guilt, marrying the brother and killer of her husband on the solar day of his funeral what shame (unfortunately only experienced by Hamlet).

Review of SInce Yesterday :: essays research papers

Review of Frederick Lewis Allen Since Yesterday the 1930s America. (New York Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc., 1939), 362 pp.Frederick Lewis Allens apply tells in great detail how the average American would have lived in the 1930s. He covers everything from fashion to politics and everything in between. He opens with a portrayal of American life on September 3, 1929, the day before the initiative major stock market crash. His telling of the events immediately preceding and pursuance this crash, and the ensuing panic describe a scene which was unimaginable before. He quickly moves from the panic of 1929 to the 30s and how umteen of the popular political sentiments during the election were no longer so. Hoover quickly moved from a position of public acceptance and admiration to that of a scapegoat. That the Depression was his slip is not entirely true, though. Hoover did not have much of the education needed to foretell the economic situation. In the laissez-faire form of bra ss he prescribed, at that place was no place for a department that would inscription these things for the use of the presidents office.Hoover is also vilified repeatedly for his inactiveness with the Depression. His personal policy and his partys policy were designed to let the country find its own way, for if it became dependent on government aide, it would be a weaker nation that if it found its own way. This was a flaw assumption on their behalf though, because even in the 1920s, there was a run from many of the nations younger voters advocating change. The overall feeling that Mr. Allen explains so well is that of fear. Many Americans were afraid of what might happen to them economically. There were cities where 84 percent of the working population was unemployed. Everywhere in the nation, banks were closing because of their softness to collect from debtors. This not only affected those working for the bank, it affected close people in the city as well. In small cities w here there were only two or three banks, a third or half of the population could be without their life savings. Add to that high unemployment, and many people were left starving. Mr. Allen also speaks in depth of the farmers. The Farmers Holiday occurred when Milo Reno organized Iowan farmers and got them to refuse to bring food into Sioux urban center for thirty days, or until the cost of production had been obtained (86).

Developmental Differences Between Autistic Children And Normal Child De

Autism is an intricate developmental disability that characteristically appears during the basic three years of life. The consequence of a neurological disorder that involves the procedure of the brain, autism affects the normal growth of the brain in the region of social fundamental interaction and communication skills. Autism literally means living in terms of the self. To an observer, a child in a state of autism appears to be self-centred since he shows little response to the outside world. However, paradoxically, the child in much(prenominal) a state has little aw beness of being a self. (Tustin, 1972, p. 1) Children and adults with autism normally defecate problems in verbal and non-verbal contact, social communications, and leisure or play activities. Autism is oneness of five disorders coming under the umbrella of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), a category of neurological disorders characterized by severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of develop ment, including social interaction and communications skills (DMS-IV-TR). The five disorders under PDD are Autistic Disorder, Aspergers Disorder, puerility Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), Retts Disorder, and PDD-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). Autism is a spectrum disorder. In the normal autism of early infancy there are the components from which this tramp take place but which are not developed. In total pathological autism there has been such a profound arrest or relapse that the building of this inner construct has been impeded or impaired so that the child is completely out of touch with the outside world and with people. chemical reaction to the outside world and people is in terms of bodily functions, organs and zones. (Tustin, 1972, p. 178) The indications and characteristi... ...ng autism, autistic children most of the time have himerosal, mercury and neuro-developmental disorders as puff up that can not be found in normal children at the same time. The small dif ferences in mercury exposure and detoxification ability moil huge differences in the brain development of small autistic children as compared to normal children. Children less than 5 years old with autism might go back actions over and over again, and they might have trouble if family routines change. But he normal children of the same age dont have such problems. References Fisher, James T. CHARLIES WORLD A family battles autism. Commonweal 8 Sept. 2000 13. Questia. 5 Sept. 2003 . Tustin, Frances. Autism and Childhood Psychosis. London Karnac Books, 1972. Autistic Children May Retain Mercury, September 5, 2003, http//www.monitor.net/monitor/0307a/austisticmercury.html

Spiritual Views in Emersons The Poet Essay -- Emerson Poet Essays

uncanny Views in Emersons The Poet Transcendental, and so pantheist, catch up withs run fluidly end-to-end Emersons texts, curiously as he attempts to define his image of the perfect poet in his essay, The Poet. He continually uses spectral monetary value to express his feelings, but warps these terms to buy the farm his own unique spirituality. This technique somewhat helps to define his particularised religious views which mirror the view of transcendentalism and pantheism. Emersons exalted poet is a pantheist who flowerpot express the symbols of the world through linguistic communication. Emerson begins the essay by explaining that many an(prenominal) pot are taught rules and particulars to decide what is good art, and therefore deem themselves beseeming critics although they engender no feeling for art in their soul. He states that keen men, maybe the cold Unitarians from which he broke away, theologians, and modern poets do non distinguish a rela tionship between the physical world and the mind and thusly praises the highest minds (such as Swedenborg, Plato and Heraclitus) who instead examine everything to its fullest manifold meaning. I start it arouse that in the lines We were put into our bodies, as fire is put into a pan and we are but children of the fire, do of it, and only the same immortal transmuted, and at devil or three removes, when we know least roughly it that Emerson compares piece souls to fire. Heraclitus believed that fire was the essence of everything, similar to Anaximanders concept of apeiron. Emerson here shows his pantheistic view that we have all come from the same divine stuff, and creation two or three removes away from its Godly source, we are futile on a basic level to fully comprehend it. This is alike remin... ...his precedent poet, and in doing shows that he feels the poet is representative, both in using words as representative symbols and as a representative of life itsel f. The ideal poet becomes a portrait of a man incredibly shutdown to nature, and therefore close to Emersons view of God. The poet is a spiritual man who transcends our man made man through introspection into the abyss of Gods Reality, bringing back with him carefully modeled words for man-kinds consumption in an effort to help man-kind separate transform life and the world in which it is lived. Works CitedEmerson, Ralph Waldo. The Poet. The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Vol. 1. triplet Ed. Paul Lauter, et al., eds. New York Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. 1646-1661. The Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ed. Brooks Atkinson. New York advanced(a) Library, 1950. Spiritual Views in Emersons The Poet Essay -- Emerson Poet EssaysSpiritual Views in Emersons The Poet Transcendental, and therefore pantheist, views run fluidly throughout Emersons texts, especially as he attempts to define his image of the perfect poet in his essay, The Poe t. He continually uses religious terms to express his feelings, but warps these terms to fit his own unique spirituality. This technique somewhat helps to define his specific religious views which mirror the view of transcendentalism and pantheism. Emersons ideal poet is a pantheist who can express the symbols of the world through words. Emerson begins the essay by explaining that many people are taught rules and particulars to decide what is good art, and therefore deem themselves worthy critics although they have no feeling for art in their soul. He states that intellectual men, perhaps the cold Unitarians from which he broke away, theologians, and modern poets do not acknowledge a relationship between the physical world and the mind and then praises the highest minds (such as Swedenborg, Plato and Heraclitus) who instead examine everything to its fullest manifold meaning. I find it interesting that in the lines We were put into our bodies, as fire is put into a pan a nd we are but children of the fire, made of it, and only the same divinity transmuted, and at two or three removes, when we know least about it that Emerson compares human souls to fire. Heraclitus believed that fire was the essence of everything, similar to Anaximanders concept of apeiron. Emerson here shows his pantheistic view that we have all come from the same divine stuff, and being two or three removes away from its Godly source, we are unable on a basic level to fully comprehend it. This is also remin... ...his ideal poet, and in doing shows that he feels the poet is representative, both in using words as representative symbols and as a representative of life itself. The ideal poet becomes a portrait of a man incredibly close to nature, and therefore close to Emersons view of God. The poet is a spiritual man who transcends our man made reality through introspection into the abyss of Gods Reality, bringing back with him carefully sculpted words for man-kinds consumption in an effort to help man-kind better understand life and the world in which it is lived. Works CitedEmerson, Ralph Waldo. The Poet. The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Vol. 1. Third Ed. Paul Lauter, et al., eds. New York Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. 1646-1661. The Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ed. Brooks Atkinson. New York Modern Library, 1950.

Who Is Beloved? :: essays papers

Who Is heartfelt?After reading the novel Beloved by Toni Morrison, many readers may findthem selves asking who Beloved re every(prenominal)y was. in that location are basic every(prenominal)y threeanswers that would satisfy this question that she is the actual cockerghost come back to life, a haphazard woman who came to fulfill the needsof the protagonists, and the view of, does it really matter? Thesepossibilities will be discussed passim the duration of this essayand it will be left to you to decide what you think. In the support ofBeloved actually organism the baby ghost re-born, you could purpose the factthat she knew a song that Sethe made up to sing to her children to grow this theory. I made up that song, said Sethe. I made it upand sang it to my children. zip whops that song but me and mychildren Sethe pg. 176 Beloved turned to look at Sethe. I knowit, she said. Beloved pg.176 The fact that Beloved knew ab bug outSethes earrings besides adds to this. How she s eemed to know all of theright questions to ask Sethe and when she should ask them. Symbolismalso factors into this idea. Beloved came out of the water, Sethe hadan experience like her water would break in pregnancy when she cutBeloved, and Beloved drank so much water, as an infant child would eat upto do. Water in this case refers to life and re-birth. A third foregather ofevidence would be Beloveds way she had soft unwrinkled skin,like that of a baby She had new skin, lineless and smooth, includingthe knuckles of her hands. Pg. 50 Beloved had what seemed to be belittledwisps of hair across her forehead, these were decided later to be theimprints of Sethes nails from where Sethe held Beloved to relieve oneself her inplace in order to slit her throat. Taking all of this into account, itis enough to convince almost anyone that the facts are too great forBeloved to be anyone but the baby ghost reincarnated. While the factsfor Beloved being the actual baby ghost reincarnated seem overwhelmingthere is also the idea that she might be just some random woman.Beloveds appearance at 124 seemed to have impeccable timing, whichbrought about the question of was she was a random woman who heardabout the family and took the needed place of the baby ghost. nearly ofthe information brought to the aide of Beloveds being the baby ghostcan be contradicted in this theory.

Compare and Contrast 7 of the Main Ethical Principles Essay -- Ethics

Despite the implementation of a certain code of go on and belief system into most individuals everyday lives, the concept of ethics or honourable philosophy remains a hazy argona, left to be tack direct by philosophers and exceptional theorists. The assessment of major honourable systems over the extend of the semester has forced me to reevaluate the fundamentals of my own moral philosophy and regard the role of ethics as a more average sector of thought than I had once considered. Included in the major ethical systems examined throughout the course were Cultural Relativism, Religious ethics, Ethical Egoism, Utilitarianism, Kants Moral Absolutism, favorable Contract, and Ethics of Virtue. The explication of these very different systems and their pillars can be a headphone basis for analyzing ones personal moral philosophy.In the 4th century BC the Greek sophist Protagoras, living in the midst of a geological period of Greek historical turmoil, turned to philosophy and an ex perimental model that he would develop to attempt to find any ecumenicly accepted moral principals. After collecting data from cultures he had the ability to examine, he reason that he didnt find any universally accepted moral principals, which led him to the endpoint that there are no moral absolutes. In this case, when discussing something that has universal acceptance, it means with absolutely no exceptions, and a moral absolute is something that exists in the real cosmos, independent of changes in perception. Protagoras concluded, through the use of human credence for his data, likely to be not the most reliable source, that if morals are not absolute in nature, they are relative to the cultures that they are intrinsical to. This conclusion leads him to be called the father... ...ood mixture, consisting of a pinch of Cultural Relativism, a affright of Religious Ethics, a little bit of the others, and a lot of the Ethics of Virtue, would be the most beneficial to my life. I t may seem like this conclusion is a cop out, a way to not choose a side in the battle of moral philosophies, but really, the reality of the world lends itself to a mixture, from cultural diversity to the diversity necessary for a wakeless diet, a composition of many ideas seems to prevail, hardly ever just one. workings CitedRachels, James. The Elements of Moral Philosophy. 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1999.Herskovits, Melville J. 1967 Cultural Dynamics. New York, NY Alfred A. Knopf. Abridged from Cultural Anthropology primitively published in 1955. 1972 Cultural Relativism Perspectives in Cultural Pluralism. New York ergodic House.