The War of the Roses

The fight of the blushs was a serial of dynastic cultured fights fought mingled with the erect of Lancaster and the augury of York. Theses twain houses fought for the face chamberpot, and both conception it was theirs to invite. The houses both claimed the spate due to the situation that they had decent through the countersigns of Ed fightd Ill. So they both felt that they were deserving of the thr matchless. This wasnt the graduation or the final fourth di workforcesion that these dickens houses fought each(prenominal) other(a), be arrays this was by far their biggest encounter. One cont final stage that these two started fghting was the by and bymath of the century historic period state of war.The inancial and sociable troubles hit herculean and they approximation they could do better Job running things. pack during this sequence started to panic and they each wanted a piece of the pie. Prior to the war, heirs to the thr hotshot started dying so the act of aristocrats started dropping slowly. Some stack indicate that the position magnanimousness was done for(p) due to the war of the Roses, scarcely I would argue differently. The fact that either these men were fghting oer the throne does bespeak that at that family were some closings, but I dont believe that it was the cause of the removal of the position aristocracy.Before I work on my argument on why I believe the aristocracy was non destroyed by the state of war of the pink wines, I want to give a brief exposeline of the war. The hostility rose wine by and by the goal of heat content V and the infant heat content VI was in line to make give away over. Richard, Duke of York, ch eitherenged the right of total heat VIs chapiter because he wanted it for himself. He had descent through Edward Ills surviving discussions. in that location is recount that instals how substantial the throne was to the flock during this metre and they were wil ling to do whatso ever sothing to provide and exhaust it. in that location was obviously some history behind relegate the state who fought in the war and how the title of the war was amed.The communicatory badges that associated themselves with the two houses, York and Lancaster, were roses. The digest of York was a albumen rose and the House of Lancaster was a red rose. proterozoic in the conflict, the York picked the whitened rose as their symbol, but the Lancaster rose was non introduced until after heat content Tudor won the mesh of Bosworth. So the war was not called war of the Roses until years later after the war. During the war the elementicipants wore badges to show which lord or patron that they were associated with. One example of this that I prove was the white boar of Richard Ill worn by the Yorkist army.The houses were named after the cities York and Lancaster of course, but the houses didnt take up much to do with the city it was named after. The Hou se of Lancaster was established in 1399 by hydrogen of Bolingbroke. total heat of Bolingbroke was later diademed as atomic number 1 IV after he deposed his cousin Richard II. The future(a) Lancaster king was enthalpy V and he died in 1422, but on that point was some hostility on who would take over the crown. When heat content V died he alone had an infant son to take over. This is when Richard Ill challenged Henry VIs right to the crown like I mentioned in front.Richard Ill was a very coercive valet de chambre and eld very important offices within the state. This was the for the first time govern kind division between the two houses and the beginning ofa feud that would start a war. In 1453 Henry VI (by now he was old enough to take the throne) went into insanity. Henrys condition was non-violent as a result of depressive stuper he lost lock of his limbs York, to take over as the protector of the realm. Henry recovered in 1455 and in additionk over his duties, which forced York to take up arms of self-protection. The fighting started with the action of St.Albans in 1455. Their numbers were vaguely estimated t 3000 men, while the Duke of Norfolk and other friends were hastening to their helper the major abilitys force was estimated at 2000 men. 2 Richard, Duke of York and the Earl of warwick defeat the Lancastrians who was led by Edmund. Edmund was the Duke of Somerset, and he played an important role forwards the war for the Lancastrians. He was killed in this troth and Henry VI was captured which resulted in Richard being appointed original guardian. The queen, Marg art of Anjou, kept pushing the Lancastrians to challenge the York House.Things were pretty quite over the next some years, but it started heating back up in 1459. York and his pursual were forced place of the country, but he would retaliate sooner than concourse thought he would. One of his strongest followers invaded England and captured Henry at the encounter of No rthampton. The heavy rain played in the favor of the Earl of warwick during this strife and capturing Henry was much easier than people think. This battle resulted in four years of cease-fire between the two houses, but they unsounded didnt like the other one. on that point wasnt any major conflict during this time, but it was unbosom uneasy between them. The urbane wars between the two houses continued in 1459. York returned to the country becoming the Protector of England, but was not able to take the throne. York moved north with his son Edmund, but the Lancastrian shockings surprised and killed both of them in the fight of Wake theater. The Lancastrian army went s issueh afterwards but was unsuccessful in the triumphant of London. York had an eldest son named Edward, Earl of walk, who was later named King Edward IV.He was best cognise for winning the passage of arms of Towton. In Anthony Goodmans book he states, At Towton Edward could muster in all likelihood fewer than half the peers that Henry could. 3 This goes to show ow big of a conquest it was for Edward. He crushed the Lancastrian army in March 1461 by gathering the Yorkist armies resulting in a strong force that was too much to handle for the Lancasters. It was the billetiest battle of the war, which resulted in Henry, Marg atomic number 18t, and their son fleeing to Scotland. The next serial publication of battles was over disputes within the Yorkists ranks.Warwick and his followers felt like they were a all-powerful group, and when they got looked over at Edwards court, it didnt make them very happy. Warwick didnt agree with a contrasted policy that the king was putting n place and the tension grew sweller. This resulted in another civil war in 1469, where Warwick and the Duke of Clarence instigated risings in the north. Then they get the better of the kings maintainers at Edgecote. There he held Edward prisoner, but goose egg re accessory came out of it. Edward had regained control by 1470 and made Warwick and Clarence fled to France. While in France, they allied themselves with Louis X.Here is where things get a little tricky because they overly allied themselves with their power confrontation Margaret of Anjou. Working together, they went back to England in September of 1470. There, they forced Edward out of his throne and restored the crown to Henry VI. by and by being stripped of the crown, Edward fled out of England to the Netherlands with his supporters. There he got Burgundian aid and returned to England a year later. Edward outsmarted Warwick due to the fact that he knew the land, and talked Clarence into Joining his side. Then he easily defeated that Warwick was defeated and her and her son fled west to the safety of Wales.Edward anticipated that Margaret would do this and beat her there. She was captured as a prisoner, and her supporters were defeated. There her son was killed and Margaret didnt view as much power or support after these series of evets. Very soon after these events, Henry VI was murdered in the Tower of London. It is thought that Henry heard of the death of his son, and when Edward IV was re-crowned, he ordered Henrys death. Edwards throne was secure for the rest of his action and was never challenged or taken away. When Edward died in 1483, hostility begins again.Richard Ill took over the throne and he first moved to prevent the unpopular Woodville family of Edwards leave from participating in the government. Richard sed the suspicious Edward IVs marriage as pretext. To stop Richard, Henry Tudor (a distant relative of the Lancastrian king) was brought in and defeated him at Bosworth. He was because crowned Henry VI, and married Elizabeth of York to unite the two refer houses. Yorkist revolted and these were the run few battles of the war, but nothing really came out of it. These battles werent very big or important it was Just the fact that the Yorkist were give that they were united.Many historians like to believe that the Wars of the Roses were the result of the English aristocracy being destroyed. after reading material on these wars and reading Kington Oliphants article, I cant help but to think otherwise. According to Oliphant there are 27 historic houses. There are about twenty-seven outstanding historic houses that be great to the former division, if we adopt a fair test for the term Historic House, and excluede from it all those families which defend not held an Earldom in the male line continuously for at least one hundred years, or thereabouts, before the Reformation. 4 The houses in the 13th century really started getting recognized, and this is the period that begins hostility between houses. This also is the period that you see a rapid decline in houses. The Earls of Albermarle had died out so early as the Twelfth Century, and four great historic Earldoms dropped in the Thirteenth. The Century of Edward the Third swept away at least seven Norman Hous es of the very first class amoun which were those of Clare, Bigod, and Bohun,- name calling intertwined with the brightest achievements of our early history.In the first and more peaceful part of Henry the Sixths reign, before Englishman had dreamt of civil war, the process of decay was Just as rapid. The get Mortimer, Earl of March, the rightful(prenominal) heir o the crown died a prisoner in 1424 the last Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, was struck vanquish by a cannon ball at the siege of Orleans, not long before the appearance of the immortal wet nurse the last Beauchamp, Duke of Warwick, passed away in 1445. 5 So what Oliphant is getting to is the fact that there were 12 houses that were already disappeared before the war even started.Well you office ask well there are still a number of houses to be counted for during the war so what is your point? Well from the start of the war (1455) to the end of the war (1487) there were a number of ouses that died that was unrelated to th e war. Oliphant mentions the houses that died during the war but not because of the war. Fore close in this category comes the name of Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, Earl circulate of the realm, who died in 1475. To this we may add the less known names of Bromflete, Harington, Scales, and Sudeley. The Wars of the Roses had nothing to do with the extinction of these five houses in Roses.The Bonville, Tiptoft, Beaufort, Holland, and Lovell all died during the strife. Oliphant tells the story behind each of these names and how they died to end their ouse. The point that I want to make clear throughout this paper is the fact that the number of houses that had died out before the Wars of the Roses, clearly outweigh the number of houses that ask failed since the beginning of it. Well you aptitude ask, why did this come up? YouVe gave me numbers and the fact that the Wars of the Roses didnt cause the fail of the English aristocracy, but how did it pass.Oliphant does a great Job of comparin g another countries aristocracy to Englands. He uses old Scotch houses and what they did compared to what the old English houses did. both causes have preserved the old Scottish houses from sharing the fate of their English brethren. The first was the prejudice in favour of heirs male, which would not allow the lands of a noble family to be split up among co-heiresses the second cause was the put of allotting sensitive estates to junior sons, whereby the chance of always having an heir male at hand was much increased. 7 Showing the old Scottish houses and how they did things like this proves that there was a way to save the old English houses, but they failed to do so. Land was a big issue back then and it still is today. The Scottish houses knew that and knew they had to do something to preserve that land. They had to find a way to appreciation in the heirs family so it wouldnt eventually die out like most of the old English houses did. The next way the Scottish preserved the ir houses was the practice of allotting small estates to younger sons.The probability of always having a male take over the heir was a lot soaringer than if they didnt do this. These are Just some ways that the Scottish houses did to ensure that they didnt run into the alike(p) mistake that the English did. To me the English houses didnt invest in themselves very much. They didnt have a back up plan in case something happen to them and they died out. Historians studying this era tend to think that the Wars of the Roses wiped out these houses so they werent really thinking about investing in themselves.Oliphant proves that most of these houses were already died out ten years prior to the war so that assumption is inaccurate. There was a lack of effort in making sure that the houses never died out, but there shouldnt be any excuse for it. They should be wide-awake for the freak accidents or the natural causes that may come their way for the pursuit of the house. I believe that it was a little about pride, and the old Scottish aristocracy had that. They were proud of their houses and they wanted to keep it going.The English were to caught up in other things to think about, what happens to the house if something happens to me? What I wanted to get out of this paper was to know more about the War of the Roses and to dig deeper at bottom the war. I wanted to find something worth arguing about and large evidence on my point of view. I found out that the English houses started to die out and historians had suggestions for why this was happening. Some had the ame mindset I had, and others thought it was because of the war.I believe that the war had an effect on some of the houses during time, but it didnt have the extinction effect that people said it did. The Wars of the Roses was a great time period and had a lot of conflict that went with it. Im positive that the conflict did have a little effect on the old English aristocracy dying out, but to say the war was the reason why it was destroyed makes no sense at all. In my opinion it was irresponsible of the men to not something special like the Scottish did, and who knows what the English could have been today.The War of the RosesBritish Studies THE WAR OF THE ROSES Introduction Name of The War of the Roses Famous people in The War of the Roses Causes of The War of the Roses The War of the Roses The result and impact of The War of the Roses The summary Bibliography I. INTRODUCTION T he Middle Age considers one of the most fire periods in English history. One of the most historic events of medieval era is the Wars of the Roses in the fifteenth century. The Hundred Years War , in which England lost practically all its lands in France, ended in 1453, but there was no peace in the country.The feudal fight down had broken out and the atmosphere in this country was instable and uncertain starring(p) to the civil war in the fifteenth century. The War of the Roses was a series of dynast ic civil war for the throne of England between supporters of two rival branches of the royal house Plantagenet the house of Lancaster (whose badge was red rose) and York (whose badge was white house) from 1455-1485. These xxx years of warfare was even more destructive to England the Hundred years War that had been in the previous century. Most of the fighting in the Hundred Years War took place in France, which meant most of the phalanx damage affect in French peasantry rather than the English. In the War of the Roses, most of the fighting occurred in England, and thus the loss of the life and post was much greater for England citizens). Why was the called The War of the Roses? Why did the War of the Roses happen? How it happened? And what was the result? There are many interesting things about this famed war. Let discover together. II. THE NAME OF THE WAR OF THE ROSES ? It is really an provoke name. Why was called the war of the roses?This name was given to the Wars by Tudor historians. The name Wars of the Roses refers to the Heraldic badges associated with the two royal houses, the etiolated Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. pic ? However, it is not thought to have been used during the time of the wars. The White Rose was one of the many emblems which were used by King Edward IV as a symbol of his poses right to some lands and a castle in the North. loosely he preferred to use the emblem of the sun and its rays, a prolongation to the collar suns which appeared at the dawn of the day of the battle of Mortimers Cross 1461.The White Rose only later became accepted as the symbol of the House of York, particularly when Elizabeth of York married King Henry VII, but before then other emblems were in general use by the Yorkists. The Red Rose was the emblem of the House of Tudor, and the Tudors only played a substantial part in the Wars during their final stages. The king Henry Tudor united the two roses to create the Tudor rose which contain b oth white rose and red rose after tieing Elizabeth of the York. > Thats why the war between them got the name the War of the Roses. III. FAMOUS PEOPLE RELATING TO THE WAR OF THE ROSES During the war of the Roses, there are kings or Dukes who contributed main roles in the war. Let begin our husking with the first king of the house Lancaster. THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER 1. THE male monarch HENRY IV Reign 30 September 1399 20 March 1413 coronation 13 October 1399 Predecessor Richard II Successor Henry V Henry IV was King of England and gentle of Ireland (13991413). He was the ninth King of England of the House of Plantagenet. He became the first King of England from the Lancaster branch of the Plantagenet, one of the two family branches that were belligerents in the War of the Roses. 2. THE might HENRY VReign 20 March 1413 31 exalted 1422 enthronement 9 April 1413 Predecessor Henry IV Successor Henry VI Henry V was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 35 in 1 422. He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster. by and by military experience fighting various lords who rebelled against his father, Henry IV, Henry came into political conflict with the increasingly ill king. After his fathers death, Henry rapidly fictional control of the country and embarked on war with France. Henry IV was a very smart as a whip king. 3. THE mightiness HENRY VI Reign 31 August 1422 4 March 1461Coronation 6 November 1429 Predecessor Henry V Successor Edward IV Henry VI (1421 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and challenge King of France from 1422 to 1453. His periods of insanity and his inherent benevolence eventually required his wife, Margaret of Anjou, to turn in control of his kingdom, which contributed to his own downfall, the collapse of the House of Lancaster, and the rise of the House of York. 4. THE KING HENRY VII (HENRY TUDOR) Reign 22 August 1485 21 April 1509 Coronation 30 Oct ober 1485 Predecessor Richard III Successor Henry VIIIHenry VII (Welsh Harri Tudur1457 1509) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry won the throne when he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Fiel. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the political upheavals of the Wars of the Roses. He founded a long-lasting dynasty and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII, after a reign of nearly 24 years. THE HOUSE OF THE YORK I. THE KING EDWARD IV Reign 4 March 1461 3 October 1470 Coronation 28 June 1461 Predecessor Henry VI Successor Henry VI Edward IV (1442 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death. He was the first Yorkist King of England. The first half o f his rule was marred by the violence associated with the Wars of the Roses, but he overcame the Lancastrian challenge to this throne at Tewkesbury in 1471 to reign in peace until his sudden death. 5. THE KING RICHARD III Reign 26 June 1483 22 August 1485 Coronation 6 July 1483Predecessor Edward V Successor Henry VII Richard III (2 October 1452 22 August 1485) was King of England for two years, from 1483 until his death in 1485 during the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. III. CAUSES OF THE WAR OF THE ROSES ? There are three main causes leading to the War of the Roses. ? The first reason is the political crisis (dynastic problems) In 1215, the Norman barons were united with the Saxon nobles and the growing bourgeoisie of the big towns and they took jet in the governing in the country.During the Hundred years war, they built castles with high walls and kept private armies of thousands of men. Realizing the danger with big barons represented to the crown, Edward III move to marry his sons to their daughters, and the heiresses of the House but this not help to strengthen the rank of the House Plantagenet. Then, Henry Bolingbroke seized the crown and became the first king of the Lancaster dynasty, Henry IV (1399- 1413). It marked the end of the line of the Plantagenet monarchy and the beginning of the Tudor reign the end of Medieval England and the beginning of the countrys Renaissance. However, Henry IVs reign was not an easy one. Having taking the throne by force, he had made many enemies, especially those whose legitimate claim to the throne he had ignored. Henry s oldest son ( who would became Henry V ) was a brilliant and courageous warrior and was responsible, on many occasion, for putting down major revolts against his fatherrebellions that came from the other side of the family who wanted the throne. Beginning in 1405, Henry IV suffered from a recurring illness that finally t ook his life in 1413. Henry V (1387-1422) would go on to secure English-held lands in France and trengthen the bond between the two countries by winning the right to the French, as well as to the English, Crown. Henry V died at a young age in battle in France, leaving a nine-month-old sonKing Henry VI. While Henry V was busy fighting wars in France and accumulating wealth for his country, the feudal between the York and Lancaster Houses was subdued. Only one rebellion occurred, and the leader of that rebellion was tried for treason and killed. However, with Henry Vs deathand only a tiddler for king, and Henry Vs wife, who was not only young but of French bloodmembers of both Houses began maneuvering again for power. Henry VI was a weak man, meet by poorly managed counselors. Not only did Henry suffer from mental illnesses, he lost most of the land that his father had won in France. Although Henry VI technically was king of France, he lost all authority in that country. Many Engl ish nobles, each with his own powerful army, grew discontent with Henry VIs rule. The interests of the House of the Lancaster supported by the big barons collided with the interests of the lesser barons and merchants of the towns, who support the House of the York. As a result, the feudal struggle grew into an unmortgaged war between the Lancastrians and the Yorkist.William Shakespeare offers one poetic endorsement of this view My Lord of Hereford Henry IV here, whom you call king, Is a foul traitor to proud Herefords kingRichard II And if you crown him, let me prophesy The blood of English shall manure the ground, And future ages utter for this foul act Peace shall go sleep with Turks and infidels, And in this butt of peace tumultuous wars Shall kin with kin and kind with kind hurl Disorder, horror, fear and mutiny Shall here inhabit, and this land be calld The field of martyrdom and dead mens skulls. O, if you raise this house against this house, It will the woefullest divisio n proveThat ever fell upon this cursed earth. ? The second reason, in my opinion, is financial problems and societal changes. The fifteenth century had many changes in conjunction that seriously affected to the war of the roses. The issues increased from the beginning of Henry VIs reign in 1422 with the corruption, public disorder, riots and the maladministration of justice.. After the leadership of King Henry V, The Flower of Chivalry and the Mirror of all Christian Kings, the weak and placid Henry VI was a great disappointment. >We can see that it was a bad government, militarily ineffective and financially irresponsible.His fool and weakness in governing directed his country down the bloody road of civil war. The king loaded his ministers and friends with gifts and pensions. Many people who were owed money at the Exchequer, such as military commanders, could not imbibe on their debts because there was not enough money to go around. People lost faith in the courts and turned to threats and violence to gain victory in their disputes. The result is a social climate approaching gangsterism. The social violence before and during the Wars of the Roses is often blamed on a phenomenon known as bastard feudalism. ?Finally, I consider the hundred year war affecting to the war of the roses, too. The Wars of the Roses began soon after the Hundred Years War ended. The suggestion that nobles were trying to retrieve fortunes lost in the withdrawal from France does not agree with the evidence. Few major families lost much by the English defeat most of the major magnates were growing wealthier. However, the end of the Hundred Years war did remove one reason for unity within England opposed war tends to unite people at home. The end of the War also left many unemployed soldiers a destabilizing group in society.Medieval knights and nobles were a military caste, and it was as easy for them to engage in domestic as foreign warfare. IV. THE WAR OF THE ROSE T he war o f the roses, which lasted for thirty years (1455-1485), turned into a bitter struggle for the Crown, in which each party murdered every likely heir to the throne of the mated party. It was a dark time for England, when the Kings and nobles were busy fighting and murdering each other and no time to take care of the common people, who suffered greatly. ? The opening battle of the Wars took place at St Albans in 1455. Richard of York leads a force of about 3,000 on a demo toward London.Henry VI moves from London to intercept the Yorkist army. Henry halts his march in the town of Saint Albans and waits. Richard attacks and defeats Henry inflicting about 300 casualties. The female monarch and her young son Edward flee into exile. The Yorkist faction also kills the Lancastrian ally Somerset, the primary supporter of Henry VI. ? After that, the queen rebelled at these actions, self-contained an army around her, and positioned herself outside of York. When the duke learned of this, he w ent after her, although the queens man were double the size of the dukes. The dukes army was easily defeated.In 1459 Richard was killed at the Battle of Wakefield. ? In 1461, the Battle of Towson, one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on English soil at the time, was fought with an estimated 25,000 people dying. Edwards army greatly defeated the queens army, forcing the queen and king, with their son, to flee to Scotland. That analogous year, Edward was officially crowned king of England, becoming Edward IV. ? Edward enjoy a few years of peace, but when he married Elizabeth Woodville in secret, he embarrass Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who was working to arrange a marriage for Edward with the French king.Edward also disallowed his brothers, Richard and George, to marry Nevilles daughters. In 1469, Neville and George fought against Edward. They won a decisive battle, held Edward hostage, killed Edwards father-in-law, and forced Edward to have sevens recognize Edward as an illegitimate king and to give the crown to George. Edwards younger brother, Richard, rescued the king, and Neville and George had to flee to France. ? In France, it was King Louis XI who suggested the alliance of fay Margaret and Neville. The two agreed, Neville promised his daughter as wife to the queens son, and returned to England with a powerful army.Edward was defeated and had to flee to Holland and then to Burgundy. Edward, supported by the king of Burgundy, returned to England. Shortly after Neville had paraded Henry VI all over London as the restored king, he was defeated by Edwards new army in 1471. Henry as well as his son were then killed, strengthening Edwards claim to the throne. ? Edward died young, in 1483, leaving his twelve-year-old son heir to the throne. Edward Vs reign lasted only a twin of months. Richard, the uncle to the young king, claimed that his brother (Edward IV) had married Elizabeth illegally and therefore his heirs could not be crowned king.Parliam ent agreed, and crowned King Richard III in 1483. Edward V was set(p) in the Tower of London, along with his younger brother, and was never again seen. ? Two years later, in 1485, Richard would meet his death in a battle against Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster he would become King Henry VII. Henry married Elizabeth of York, the strongest claimant for the throne from the York house, thus securing his position and ending the long Wars of the Roses. picThe map of the battles in the War of the Roses (1455-1485) V. THE RESULT AND EFFECTS OF THE WAR OF THE ROSES Historians still debate the true extent of the conflicts impact on medieval English life, and some revisionists suggest that it leaded to many profound changes in England. The most obvious impact is the collapse of the Plantagenet and the raise of the Tudor dynasty. Moreover, with their heavy casualties among the nobility, the wars are thought to have continued the changes in feudal English society caused by the effects of the Black Death, including a weakening of the feudal power of the nobles and a corresponding strengthening of the merchant classes, and the growth of a strong, modify monarchy under the Tudors.It marked the end of the medieval period in England and the motion towards the Renaissance. VI. SUMMARY ? In my opinion, Middle Ages encompass one of the most exciting and bloodthirsty periods in English and European History with two important events. They are the Hundred Years War and The War of the Roses which seriously affected to the society, politics, economy and other aspect of England at that time especially the War of the Roses. It marked the end of the line of the Plantagenet monarchy and the beginning of the Tudor reign (118 years) and even the end of Medieval England and the beginning of the countrys Renaissance.It was really an exciting period. I hope that some information above will be useful for all of you during this course and later. VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY ? The War of the Rose Eva ns, HT (introduction by Ralph A Griffiths) Sutton Publishing 1998 ? The Wars of the Roses Gillingham, John Weidenfeld Nicholson 2001 ? The Wars of the Roses Griffiths, Ralph A Sutton Publishing 1998 ? Lancaster York Ramsay, JH Oxford University Press 1892 QUESTION 1. Which is considered the first main battle in the war of the roses? a. The battle of St. Albans b. The battle of Barnet c. The battle of Tadcaster d. The battle of Blore Heath 2. enry IV had a famous wife , depends on your point of view, who was this powerful women. a. Margaret of Anjou b. Mary de Guise c. Eleanor of Aquitaine d. Matida of Flanders 3. Richard duke of York was killed at which major battle? a. battle of Doncaster b. Battle of Wakefield c. Battle of Tacaster d. Battle of Sedgemoor 4. how long did the War of the Roses last? a. 10 years b. 30 years c. 50 years d. degree Celsius years 5. this battle is widely thought to have the bloodiest ever fought on England soid. It marked a major Yorkist victory in 1461. which of these is it? a. battle of Hexbam b. Battle of Towton c. Battle of the Tadcaster d.Battle of the Hedgley Moor 6. what color rose was used to represent Lancastrians? a. white b. red c. blue d. black 7. In which century did the wars of the Roses take place ? a. 14th century b. 15th century c. 16th century d. seventeenth century 8. which foreign power sided with Edward IV during the wars a. Italy b. Spain c. France d. Bungery 9. which of these people was on the Lancastrians side during the war of the Roses? a. Thomas Cromwell b. Margaret of Anjou c. Richard Neville the king maker d. Richard Duke of York 10. Who was the first king of House of Lancaster? a. Richard Duke b. Henry Bolingbroke c. Henry Tudor d. Edward II END picpic